俗語

俗語就是慣用語,指約定俗成,廣泛流行於某時某地的口語。從廣義來看,俗語包括諺語歇後語(引註語)、常用的成語,但不包括並不通俗和古雅書面語中的成語,或名著中的名言警句[1];從狹義來看,俗語是具有地區特點的語言。俗語來源很廣,既來自人民群眾的口頭創作,也和名句、格言警語、歷史典故等有關連。[2]

名稱與範圍

俗語歷史久,使用廣,名目繁多,說法不一,有:「里言」、「俚言」、「鄉言」、「俗言」、「傳言」、「常言」、「邇言」、「恆言」;「里諺」、「野諺」、「古諺」、「鄉諺」、「俗諺」;「里語」、「俚語」、「民語」、「常語」、「古語」、「直語」、「鄙語」、「諺語」;「俗話」、「古話」、「煉話」、「常談」、「俗談」、「方言土語」、「街談巷語」等。可見,歷來人們對於俗語的理解並不一致。

「俗語」一詞,始見於中國西漢司馬遷史記·滑稽列傳》附褚少孫補寫的《西門豹治鄴》一文:「民人俗語曰:『即不為河伯娶婦,水來漂沒,溺其人民』云。」這裏的「俗語」一詞,是指民間流傳的說法。

後來,劉向說苑·貴德》和班固漢書·路溫舒傳》引述路溫舒寫給漢宣帝信中的話語,正式用「俗語」來指通俗、形象、廣泛流行在人群眾中的定型語句:「故俗語云:『畫地作獄,議不可入;刻木為吏,期不可對。』此皆疾吏之風,悲痛之辭也。」(《說苑·貴德》)「故俗語云:『畫地作獄,議不入;刻木為吏,期不對。』此皆疾吏之風,悲痛之辭也。」(《漢書·路溫舒傳》)

新五代史·卷三十二·死節傳·王彥章傳》中记载,「彥章武人不知書,常為俚語謂人曰:豹死留皮,人死留名!」。

與諺語等熟語的區別

熟語關係圖

語義

  1. 字面意義和實際意義相同
    這類俗語望文生義,比較容易理解。例如,「不打不相識」,意思就是「雙方本來不相識,經過相打之後認識了」。
  2. 字面意義和實際意義不同
  3. 同時具有字面意義和實際意義

修辭手法

俗語最常用的修辭手法比喻比擬借代誇張雙關對偶頂真映襯層遞等。

比喻

比喻是俗語最常用的修辭手法,這類俗語往往用人們非常熟悉的事物,如飛禽走獸、花草樹木、農田作物、生活用品等,來說明抽象、陌生的事物,使深奧的道理變得淺顯易懂。

例如,「敗如倒」用的是明喻,用「如」把本體「兵敗」和喻體「山倒」連接起來,比喻軍隊戰敗;又如「窮人一條心,黃土變成[3],在本體和喻體間用「是」連接起來,比喻黃土能變成金子,人能由窮變富;借喻手法俗語運用得最普遍,好像「紅還得綠扶」[4],就是把喻體「紅花還得綠葉扶」當成本體來說,比喻即使一個有本領、有能力的人也需要別人幫助。

比擬

比擬分為擬人和擬物,前者就是把物擬作人,後者就是把人擬作物。這種修辭手法往往帶有諷刺、憎惡意味,用來突出人物待徵,特別是思想品德、精神面貌、言行舉止等,使形象更鮮明、更生動。

例如,「黃鼠狼拜年」用的是擬人,黃鼠狼人格化了,賦予人的活動,黃鼠狼本來是吃雞,卻去給雞拜年,比喻人為裝友善,別有用心;「賴扶不上牆」[5]是擬物,把不成器的人比擬成「賴狗」,說人無用,扶植不起來。

借代

借代是不把要說的人或事物直接說出來,而是借用與其有密切關係的其他事物或名稱代替。借代可以是:借本體事物最突出的特徵代替本體事物;借與本體事物有密切關係的其他事物代替本體事物;借本體事物的一部分代替本體事物;借本體事物產生的結果代替本體事物等。俗語簡短,借體必須在形象、性質上有顯著、典型的特徵,使人一目了然。

例如,「撿了芝麻丟了西瓜」,「芝麻」代替小事,「西瓜」代替大事、重要事情;「情人眼裏出西施」句用中國古代美女「西施」代指美女;「三百六十行,行行出狀元」,「狀元」就代替了傑出人物;至於「家家有本難唸的」,「難唸的經」就是為難的事情了。

誇張

誇張,顧名思義是要故意把事實誇大或縮小,達到修辭效果。誇張一般分為直接誇張和融合誇張兩種。前者是直接突出、誇大或縮小事物的某種特徵,把事物說得比實際更好,更強烈;後者是運用比喻比擬借代,與誇張相融合的表現形式,用來加強誇張的意味。

例如,「人老骨頭硬,打都不動」,用「鐵」來誇大體頭之硬,比喻人越老越堅強;「一尺,百丈」,「一尺水」說成能抓起「百丈波」,不言而喻,這是誇大事實;「一腳踢倒泰山,一步邁進黃河」比喻人心情急切,想一下子把事辦好,而事實上,泰山是一腳踢不到的,黃河是一步邁不過去的;還有,「早上浮走,後晌曬死」,用「曬死狗」誇大天氣熱的程度。

雙關

雙關是利用詞語的不同含義或讀音相同、相近的特點,表面上說一件事,而實際上替的是另一件事。俗語中,借義雙關和詣聲雙關用得較多。借義相關是利用詞語的不同含義構成的雙關,諧聲雙關是利用詞語的讀音相同或相近構成的雙關。

例如,「芭蕉心不死」,表面上說的是芭蕉的「心」不死,實際上是指人心不死,比喻不甘失敗,或不肯罷休;「唇不對嘴」、「牛頭不對(搭)馬嘴」。表面上說的是「驢唇」對不上「馬嘴」,實指兩方面或兩件事不相符合;「跳進黃河洗不清」表面上說的是,人跳進黃河也洗不清身子,實際意義是人的冤屈無法辯白,恥辱洗不掉;又如,「公雞一毛不拔」,表面上說的是鐵製的公雞拔不下一根羽毛,實際上說是說人吝嗇,一毛不拔。

對偶

對偶就是把兩個結構相同或相似、意思相關、字數相等的短語或句子對稱地排列在一起。比如「眼盲無畏虎豹,耳聾不怕火炮」,比喻不識相、不長眼。「太歲頭上動土,祝融廟裏放火」比喻去招惹很兇惡的人。閩南俗諺「放疼飛,捏驚死」,捉到一隻小鳥,放手怕它飛走,捏住怕它死掉。比喻猶豫不決、患得患失。

頂真

頂真,亦稱頂針、聯珠、蟬聯,是一種修辭方法,是指上句的結尾與下句的開頭使用相同的字或詞,用以修飾兩句子的聲韻的方法。使用這個方式時,毋須限制上下句的字數或平仄,但上下句交接點一定要使用相同的字或詞。

連珠法

連珠法的頂真是句與句之間的頂真。例如:「歸來見天子,天子坐明堂。」(出自《木蘭辭》。)「軍書十二卷,卷卷有爺名。」(出自《木蘭辭》。)「忽聞海上有仙山,山在虛無縹緲間。」(出自《長恨歌》。)

在語文中,把兩種不同,特別是相反的觀念或事實,對列起來,兩相比較,從而使語氣增強,使意義更明顯,即為映襯。

參見

註釋

  1. ^ 參考自《中國俗語大辭典》。
  2. ^ 參考自《俗語詞典》。
  3. ^ 為求順口,「窮人一條心,黃土變成金」亦押了韻,「心」、「金」為韻腳。
  4. ^ 「紅花還得綠葉扶」,亦作「牡丹雖好,還需綠葉扶持」。
  5. ^ 「賴狗扶不上牆」,亦作「爛狗(泥)扶不上牆(柄)」等。

參考文獻

  • 徐宗才. 俗語. 北京: 商務印書館. 1999. ISBN 978-7-100-02698-7. 
  • 溫端政等 (编). 中國俗語大辭典. 太原: 上海辭書出版社. 1989年6月. ISBN 978-7-5326-0096-0. 
  • 中國社會科學院語言研究所詞典編輯室 (编). 現代漢語詞典 補增本. 北京: 商務印書館. 2002. ISBN 978-7-100-03477-7. 

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