阿布·贝克尔·穆罕默德·本·阿卜杜勒-马利克·本·穆罕默德·伊本·图费勒·卡伊西·安达卢西(أبو بكر محمد بن عبد الملك بن محمد بن طفيل القيسي الأندلسي Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Muhammad ibn Tufail al-Qaisi al-Andalusi;约1105年—1185年),常简称为伊本·图费勒(阿拉伯语:ابن طفيل Ibn Tufail;又译伊本·图斐利),12世纪阿拉伯穆斯林博学家[1]。欧洲人称之为阿布巴塞尔(拉丁語:Abubacer)。出生于安达卢斯,涉猎文学、哲学、神学、医学、天文学,同时也是北非穆瓦希德王朝的宫廷大臣。
伊本·图费勒的哲学小说著作《哈义·本·叶格赞的故事》(拉丁文名为《自修的哲学家》,Philosophus Autodidactus)颇为著名,讲述了一个无人岛上的野孩子在瞪羚抚养下成长并自主学习的故事。他在没有接触其他人类的情况下,借由理智问答从而系统性地发现了人间真理。他接触到一个逃难者,从而了解了哲学和宗教,得出结论:宗教的外化掩饰,如偶像崇拜、物质依赖等,是普罗大众必需的,这是为了让他们有着体面的生活。但偶像和物质是阻碍求真的混淆品,发觉了这一点的人就应该抛弃它们[10]。小说的主人公名为哈义·本·叶格赞(Hayy ibn Yaqdhan),名哈义意为活着,父名叶格赞意为醒来。这些名字都来自伊本·西那的著作[10]。
^Carra de Vaux, B., “Ibn Ṭufayl”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 16 April 2020 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3394>
^Avner Ben-Zaken, "Taming the Mystic", in Reading Hayy Ibn-Yaqzan: A Cross-Cultural History of Autodidacticism (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011). ISBN978-0801897399.
^Nawal Muhammad Hassan (1980), Hayy bin Yaqzan and Robinson Crusoe: A study of an early Arabic impact on English literature, Al-Rashid House for Publication.
^Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", Journal of Religion and Health43 (4): 357–377 [369].
^Dominique Urvoy, "The Rationality of Everyday Life: The Andalusian Tradition? (Aropos of Hayy's First Experiences)", in Lawrence I. Conrad (1996), The World of Ibn Tufayl: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Ḥayy Ibn Yaqẓān, pp. 38–46, Brill Publishers(英语:Brill Publishers), ISBN90-04-09300-1.
^Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufayl(英语:Ibn Tufayl) and Léon Gauthier (1981), Risalat Hayy ibn Yaqzan, p. 5, Editions de la Méditerranée:[1] (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
"If you want a comparison that will make you clearly grasp the difference between the perception, such as it is understood by that sect [the Sufis] and the perception as others understand it, imagine a person born blind, endowed however with a happy natural temperament, with a lively and firm intelligence, a sure memory, a straight sprite, who grew up from the time he was an infant in a city where he never stopped learning, by means of the senses he did dispose of, to know the inhabitants individually, the numerous species of beings, living as well as non-living, there, the streets and sidestreets, the houses, the steps, in such a manner as to be able to cross the city without a guide, and to recognize immediately those he met; the colors alone would not be known to him except by the names they bore, and by certain definitions that designated them. Suppose that he had arrived at this point and suddenly, his eyes were opened, he recovered his view, and he crosses the entire city, making a tour of it. He would find no object different from the idea he had made of it; he would encounter nothing he didn’t recognize, he would find the colors conformable to the descriptions of them that had been given to him; and in this there would only be two new important things for him, one the consequence of the other: a clarity, a greater brightness, and a great voluptuousness."
P. Brönnle, The Awakening of the Soul (London, 1905)
Samar Attar, The Vital Roots of European Enlightenment: Ibn Tufayl's Influence on Modern Western Thought (Lanham, 2010)
Ben-Zaken, Avner, "Taming the Mystic", in Reading Hayy Ibn-Yaqzan: A Cross-Cultural History of Autodidacticism (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011). ISBN978-0801897399.
Mahmud Baroud, The Shipwrecked Sailor in Arabic and Western Literature: Ibn Tufayl and His Influence on European (London, 2012)