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丹屬印度

丹屬印度
Dansk Ostindien
1620年—1869年
丹屬印度丹麦国旗
丹麦在印度的殖民地
丹麦在印度的殖民地
地位
首都Fort Dansborg
常用语言丹麦语泰米尔语印地语孟加拉语泰卢固语
丹麥國王 
• 1620–1648
克里斯蒂安四世
• 1863–1869
克里斯蒂安九世
總督 
• 1620–1621
Ove Gjedde
• 1673–1682
Sivert Cortsen Adeler
• 1759–1760
Christian Frederik Høyer
• 1788–1806
Peter Anker
• 1825–1829
Hans de Brinck-Seidelin
• 1841–1845
Peder Hansen
历史时期Colonial period英语Colonial India
• 建立
1620年
• 终结
1869年
面积
1,648.13平方公里
货币Danish Indian Rupee英语Danish Indian rupee
继承
东印度公司治下的印度
英屬印度
今属于 印度
殖民時期的印度
英屬印度
荷屬印度1605–1825
丹屬印度1620–1869
法屬印度1668–1954

葡屬印度
(1505–1961)
印度之屋英语Casa da Índia1434–1833
葡萄牙東印度公司1628–1633

英屬印度
(1612–1947)
英國東印度公司1612–1757
東印度公司治下的印度1757–1858
英屬印度1858–1947
英屬緬甸1824–1948
土邦1721–1949
印巴分治
1947

丹屬印度丹麥語:Dansk Ostindien),是丹麥在印度的殖民地的稱呼,是丹麥殖民帝國的一部分。丹麦-挪威联合王国在印度擁有200多年的殖民地,包括現今泰米爾納德邦特蘭奎巴鎮,現今西孟加拉邦的塞蘭坡,以及目前的安達曼群島-尼科巴群島。丹麥在印度的存在對歐洲主要大國來說意義不大,因為它們既沒有軍事威脅也沒有商業威脅。與其他地方一樣,印度的丹麥-挪威企業通常資金不足,無法像英國,荷蘭和葡萄牙企業那樣主導或壟斷貿易路線。

然而,不顧一切,他們設法堅持他們的殖民地,有時通過利用大國家之間的戰爭在中立旗幟下提供外貿活動空間。由於這個原因,他們的存在被容忍多年,直到19世紀英國海軍力量的增長導致佔領和強制出售丹麥的財產,關鍵日期是1839年,1845年和1868年。

拿破崙戰爭期間,丹麥海軍被英國摧毀,丹麥東印度公司的印度殖民地逐漸衰落,英國最終佔有了它們,使它們成為英屬印度的一部分。

歷史

荷蘭和英國商人在17世紀香料貿易的成功,令丹麥挪威商人羨慕不已。[1][2]1616年3月17日,丹麥-挪威國王克里斯蒂安四世 (Christian IV) 頒佈憲章,成立丹麥東印度公司,壟斷丹麥-挪威亞洲之間的貿易,為期12年。[3]也許是由於丹麥投資者缺乏信心,再過了兩年才籌集到足夠的資金來資助這次遠征。1618年,荷蘭商人兼殖民地管理者馬切里斯 (Marchelis de Boshouwer) 的到來,才為第一次航行提供了動力。[4][5]馬切里斯以康提王國國王 Cenerat Adassin 的使節身份 (或至少聲稱如此) 抵達,尋求軍事協助對抗葡萄牙人,並承諾壟斷與該島的所有貿易。[6][7]

第一次遠征

第一次遠征於1618年在海軍上將 Ove Gjedde 的率領下出發,花了兩年時間才抵達錫蘭,並在途中損失了一半以上的船員。1620年5月抵達錫蘭後,他們發現國王不再需要任何外國援助 - 三年前已與葡萄牙人達成和平協議。令海軍將軍失望的是,康提的國王也不是唯一的國王,甚至不是「這片土地上最尊貴的國王」。[8]

由於未能確認達諾-挪威-錫蘭的貿易契約,達諾-挪威人在收到貿易總監Robert Crappe的消息前,曾短暫地佔領了Koneswaram廟。[9]

Crappe在主力艦隊前一個月搭乘偵察貨輪Øresund號出航。Øresund號在开利开尔 (Karaikal) 沿岸襲擊了葡萄牙船隻,自己被擊沉,大部分船員被殺或被俘。兩名船員的頭顱被放置在海灘上的釘子上,作為對達諾-挪威人的警告。Crappe和13名船員逃出沉船,上岸後被印度人抓獲,並被帶到Tanjore(現印度泰米尔纳德邦坦贾武尔)的当地的半独立领主纳亚克 (Nayak) 手中。[10][11]結果,纳亚克對貿易機會很感興趣,Crappe 與他們談判了一份條約,授予他們塔兰甘巴迪 Tranquebar (或 Tharangamabadi) 鄉村、[12] 建造「石屋」 (Dansborg 要塞) 的權利,以及徵稅的許可。[13]此條約於1620年11月20日簽訂。[14]

早期 (1621-1639)

殖民地早期的日子非常艱苦,行政管理和投資不善,再加上從丹麥派出的貿易船隻幾乎損失了三分之二。[15]雖然返回的船隻在貨物上賺取了利潤,但總收益遠遠低於冒險的成本。[16]

參考

Rasmussen, Peter Ravn (1996). "Tranquebar: The Danish East India Company 1616–1669". University of Copenhagen

  1. ^ Bredscdorff, Asta. The Trials and Travels of Willem Leyel: An Account of the Danish East India Company in TRanquebar, 1639–49. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculuanum Press. 2009: 10. ISBN 978-87-635-3023-1. In 1616 Danish merchants began to speculate on how they might get a share of some of the huge profits to be made out of the East India trade. 
  2. ^ Olafsson, Jon (1907). "Indledning" [Introduction]. Jon Olafssons oplevelser som Ostindiefarer under Christian IV, medskrevne of ham selv [Jon Olafsson's experiences as an East Indiaman under Christian IV, written by himself] (in Danish). Copenhagen: Glydensalske boghandel, Nordisk forlag. pp. I. "Danmark-Norges Handel og Søfart var under den foretagsomme Christian IV i mægtig Opkomst, og de Efterretninger, der kom Kongen for Øre om de euro- pæiske Expeditioner til Ostindien, — vel ikke mindst gennem de Fortællinger, som de mangfoldige danske og norske Søfolk, der i hollandsk Tjeneste havde deltaget i Sejladsen paa Indien, bragte hjem med sig — bevægede ham til, nu da Krigen med Sverrig var endt, ogsaa at gøre et Forsøg paa at faa et dansk-ostindisk Kompagni oprettet. Flere hollandske Købmænd, der var bosatte i Kjøbenhavn, først og fremmest Roland Crappéstøttede Kongen i disse Bestræbelser. [During the reign of Christian IV, Denmark-Norway's Trade and Shipping was in mighty rise, and the intelligence which came to the King's ear about the European expeditions to the East Indies, not least about the tales which the diverse Danes and Norwegian Seamen, who in Dutch Service had partaken on the voyage to India, moved him to, now that the War with Sweden had ended, also to make an attempt to get a Danish East-Indian Company created. Several Dutch merchants who were residents of Copenhagen, first and foremost Roland Crappe supported the King in these endeavors.]"
  3. ^ Olafsson, Jon. Indledning [Introduction]. Jon Olafssons oplevelser som Ostindiefarer under Christian IV, medskrevne of ham selv [Jon Olafsson's experiences as an East Indiaman under Christian IV, written by himself]. Copenhagen: Glydensalske boghandel, Nordisk forlag. 1907: I (Danish). Ved Oktroj af 16. Marts 1616 blev det dansk-ostindiske Handels-Kompagni oprettet med det hollandske Kompagni som Forbillede. [By 16 October 1616, the Danish-East India Trade Company was established with the Dutch Company as a Model.] 
  4. ^ Olafsson, Jon (1907). "Indledning" [Introduction]. Jon Olafssons oplevelser som Ostindiefarer under Christian IV, medskrevne of ham selv [Jon Olafsson's experiences as an East Indiaman under Christian IV, written by himself] (in Danish). Copenhagen: Glydensalske boghandel, Nordisk forlag. pp. II. "Der skulde nu udrustes et Togt til Ostindien, og Kongen fik end mere Blod paa Tanden, da der til Kjø- benhavn ankom en Gesandt fra selve Kejser Ceneradt Adassin paa Ceylon. Gesandten var en Hollænder ved Navn Marcelis Boshonwerj der i flere Aar havde været den ceylonske Kejsers Yndling og Raadgiver i hans mange Stridigheder med Portugiserne. Kejseren havde udnævnt ham til Admiral og Prins af Migomme og nu sendt ham afsted til Europa for at søge Bistand mod Portugiserne. Efter at være bleven afvist i Holland, begav Boshouwer sig til Danmark, hvor han opholdt sig et Aars Tid, og afsluttede en Handels- og Venskabs- Traktat mellem Kejseren af Ceylon og Kongen af Danmark-Norge". ["A voyage to the East Indies was now to be made, and the king got even more blood on his teeth when an envoy from the emperor Ceneradt Adassin himself arrived in Copenhagen. The envoy was a Dutchman by the name of Marcelis Boshonwerj, who for several years had been the favorite adviser of the Ceylonese emperor in his many disputes with the Portuguese. The emperor had appointed him Admiral and Prince of Migomme and now sent him off to Europe to seek assistance against the Portuguese. After being rejected in the Netherlands, Boshouwer went to Denmark, where he stayed for a year, concluding a Treaty of Trade and Friendship between the King of Kandy and the King of Denmark-Norway."]
  5. ^ Larsen, Kay. Guvernører, Residenter, Kommandanter og Chefer samt enkele andre fremtraedende personer i de tidligere Danske Tropekolonier [Governors, Residents, Commanders and Managers as well as some other significant persons in the former Danish Tropical Colonies] (PDF). Copenhagen: Arthur Jensens Forlag. 1940: 15 [2025-01-14]. OCLC 1629536. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2024-09-13) (Danish). Efter Kontrakten med Kejseren skulde Danmark have Monopol paa Ceylonhandelen i 12 Aar [According to the contract with the king, Denmark was to have a monopoly on the Ceylon trade for 12 years] 
  6. ^ Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. The Coromandel Trade of the Danish East India Company, 1618–1649. Scandinavian Economic History Review. 1989, 37 (1): 43–44. doi:10.1080/03585522.1989.10408131可免费查阅. 
  7. ^ Olafsson, Jon (1907). "Indledning" [Introduction]. Jon Olafssons oplevelser som Ostindiefarer under Christian IV, medskrevne of ham selv [Jon Olafsson's experiences as an East Indiaman under Christian IV, written by himself] (in Danish). Copenhagen: Glydensalske boghandel, Nordisk forlag. pp. II. "Senere viste det sig jo rigtignok, at han havde handlet vel meget paa egen Haand, og den nævnte Traktat fik ingen Betydning. [Later it turned out that he had acted very much on his own, and the said treaty had no significance.]"
  8. ^ Esther Fihl (2009). "Shipwrecked on the Coromandel:cThe first Indo–Danish contact, 1620". Review of Development and Change 14 (1&2): 19–40
  9. ^ Barner Jensen, U. "Danish East India. Trade coins and the coins of Tranquebar, 1620–1845", pp. 11–12; Holden Furber "Imperi rivali nei mercati d'oriente, 1600–1800", note n° 66, p. 326: "Senarat of Kandy sent to Trincomalee 60 Sinhala men in order to help the Danes in the construction of their fort. During their permanence in Trincomalee, the Danesh coined also some "Larins", on which were recorded the words 'Don Erich Grubbe', of these coins, today do not remain trace, if not in the diary of Ove Giedde."
  10. ^ Datta, Rangan. Tranquebar — A piece of Denmark on the coast of the Bay of Bengal. The Telegraph. My Kolkata. 15 June 2022 [12 October 2023]. (原始内容存档于2024-12-13). 
  11. ^ Foster, William. Introduction. The English Factories in India (1618–1621) 1. Oxford, United Kingdom: Clarendon Press. 1906: xlv [26 May 2022]. 
  12. ^ Larsen, Kay. Volume 1 of Dansk-Ostindiske Koloniers historie: Trankebar. Jørgensen. 1907: 167–169. 
  13. ^ Bredsdorff, Asta. The Trials and Travels of Willem Leyel: An Account of the Danish East India Company in Tranquebar, 1639–48. Museum Tusculanum Press. 2009: 13. ISBN 978-87-635-3023-1. 
  14. ^ Laursen, L. 1620. 19. Nov. (Tanjore). Traktat mellem Admiral Ove Gjedde paa Kong Christian IVs Vegne og Kongen af Tanjore. [1620. 19. Nov. (Tanjore). Treaty between Admiral Ove Gjedde on behalf of King Christian IV and the King of Tanjore.]. Traites du Danemark et de la Norvege. Danmark-Norges Traktater 1523—1750 Med dertil horende aktstykker: Tredie Bind (1589–1625) [Treaties of Denmark-Norway (1523–1750) with Associated Acts- Volume 3 (1589–1625)] 3. Copenhagen: L. Laursen, Calsberg Foundation. 1916: 360–366 [26 March 2022]. (原始内容存档于2024-12-14) (Danish). 
  15. ^ Of the 18 ships that departed from Denmark between 1622 and 1637, only seven returned. Kay Larsen: Trankebar, op.cit., p.30-31.
  16. ^ Brdsgaard, Kjeld Erik. China and Denmark: Relations Since 1674. NIAS Press. 2001: 9–11. ISBN 978-87-87062-71-8. 
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