石化現象(fossilization,僵化)可能出現在上述語言發展的任何階段,即錯誤的說、寫方式永久性的存在,難以改變。例如洋涇浜英語或皮钦语,就是集體的誤用語言,加之以久未改正,而形成所謂集體石化(community group fossilization,集體語言僵化)。塞林格認為,石化現象的因素與上述支配中介語的因素相同,因此教師及應從該處著手,防止學生語言石化的發生。
^Selinker, L., M. Swain. & G. Dumas. 1975. The interlan- guage hypothesis extended to children [J]. Language Learning 25:139-152.
^Krashen, S. 1981. Second Language Acquisition and Sec- ond Language Learning [M]. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
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