三纲五常

三纲五常,又简称纲常中國儒家倫理架構,起源先王之學,經“学派”“五行”闡發,歷经汉朝,并盛行于三代。三纲即三倫理:君為臣綱,父為子綱,夫為妻綱。五常即五人伦

起源

三綱之觀念原存於法家,在《韩非子·忠孝》中,首次提出:“臣事君,子事父,妻事夫,三者顺,天下治;三者逆,天下乱。”儒家孟子提出「惻隱之心」、「羞惡之心」、「辭讓之心」、「是非之心」,分別為「仁」、「義」、「禮」、「智」的源頭,並列「四端」。

而“三纲、五常”的说法来源于西汉董仲舒的《春秋繁露》一书。董仲舒從關係出發,根據“卑”思想,明辨了三綱五常,稱“惟天子受命于天,天下受命于天子”;又循“陰陽五行”說,確立了“綱常”理論,孔子曰:“天數右而不右”。(董仲舒)又說:“君臣父子夫婦之義皆取諸陰陽之道,君為陽,臣為陰;父為陽,子為陰;夫為陽,婦為陰。”<春秋繁露: 基義>

漢章帝召開白虎觀會議,定“三綱”之說。《白虎通義·三綱六紀》稱“三綱者何﹖……君為臣綱﹑夫為妻綱﹑父為子綱。”這種名教(名份與教化)观念是儒家政治思想的重要组成,即通过上定名份来教化天下,以维护社会的伦理纲常、政治制度。

隋代王通宋代朱熹均聯用過三綱五常。朱熹提出“存天理,滅人欲”,“人欲”即指一切违背三纲五常的动机与行为。朱熹认为:“宇宙之间一理而已。天得之而为天,地得之而为地,而凡生于天地之间者,又各得之以为性;其张之为三纲,其纪之为五常,盖皆此理之流行,无所适而不在。若其消息盈虚,循环不已,则自未始有物之前,以至人消物尽之后,终则复始,始复有终,又未尝有顷刻之或停也。”[1]三綱五常本指天理人事的應對進退,但後被設立為封建“道統”,甚至導致「禮教殺人」的狀況發生.

說文解字記載「玉,石之美者有五德。潤澤以溫,仁之方也;䚡理自外,可以知中,義之方也;其聲舒揚,專以遠聞,智之方也;不撓而折,勇之方也;銳廉而不忮,潔之方也。」孔子曰:「君子比德於玉」。君子無故玉不去身,玉有五德,潤澤以溫是謂仁,廉而不劌是謂義,垂而墜不飛揚是謂禮,縝密堅實是謂智,質地明晰是謂信。」 子貢問於孔子曰:「敢問君子貴玉而賤玟者何也?為玉之寡而玟之多與?」孔子曰:「非為玟之多故賤之也、玉之寡故貴之也。夫昔者君子比德於玉焉:溫潤而澤,仁也;縝密以栗,知也;廉而不劌,義也;垂之如隊,禮也;叩之其聲清越以長,其終詘然,樂也;瑕不掩瑜、瑜不掩瑕,忠也;孚尹旁達,信也;氣如白虹,天也;精神見於山川,地也;圭璋特達,德也。天下莫不貴者,道也。《詩》云:『言念君子,溫其如玉。』故君子貴之也。」

影響

三纲五常既有儒家的觀念,也有法家觀念。東漢馬融將“三綱”同“五常”相提並論,合稱為“三綱五常”,造成了人們對孔孟之道的誤解。孔子從沒要求“君要臣死,臣不得不死;父要子亡,子不得不亡”[2],孔子有言:“君使臣以,臣事君以[3],“士有諍友,則身不離于令名;父有諍子,則身不陷于不義。故當不義,則子不可以不諍于父,臣不可以不諍于君。故當不義,則諍之,從父之令,又焉得為孝乎?”[4]孟子則更進一步闡述:“君之視臣如手足,則臣視君如腹心;君之視臣如犬馬,則臣視君如國人;君之視臣如土芥,則臣視君如寇讎。”[5]

注釋

  1. ^ 朱文公文集》卷十七,《读大纪
  2. ^ “父要子亡,子不得不亡”是習語,今日很難找到典自何處。但有不少類似的名言,如:
    • 魏禧說:「父母欲以非禮殺子,子不當怨。蓋我本無身,因父母而後有;殺之不過與未生一樣。
    • 西游记》中,豬悟能就對唐僧說過,“师父,你是怎的起哩?专把别人棺材抬在自家家里哭!不要烦恼!常言道:‘君教臣死,臣不死不忠;父教子亡,子不亡不孝。’”
    • 明朝小说家许仲琳在《封神演义》第二十二回“西伯侯文王吐子”写道:文王听而不悦曰:“孤以二卿为忠义之士,西土赖之以安,今日出不忠之言,是先自处于不赦之地,而尚敢言报怨灭雠之语!天子乃万国之元首,纵君有过,臣且不敢言,尚敢正君之过。纵父有失,子亦不敢语,况敢正父之失。所以‘君叫臣死,不敢不死;父叫子亡,不敢不亡。’为人臣子,先以忠孝为首,而敢以直忤君父哉。昌因直谏于君,君故囚昌于羑里,虽有七载之困苦,是吾愆尤,怎敢怨君,归善于己。古语有云;‘君子见难而不避,惟天命是从。’今昌感皇上之恩,爵赐文王,荣归西土,孤正当早晚祈祝当今,但愿八方宁息兵燹,万民安阜乐业,方是为人臣之道。从今二卿切不可逆理悖伦,遗讥万世,岂仁人君子之所言也!”
  3. ^ 论语·八佾》
  4. ^ 孝經·谏诤》
  5. ^ 孟子·離婁下》第三章

外部連結

[在维基数据]

维基文库中的相关文本:欽定古今圖書集成·理學彙編·學行典·五常部》,出自陈梦雷古今圖書集成

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