Công ty Đông Ấn Anh

Công ty Đông Ấn
East India Company
Loại hình
Công chúng
Ngành nghềThương mại quốc tế
Thành lập1600
Giải thể1 tháng 1 năm 1874
Trụ sở chínhLuân Đôn, Anh

Công ty Đông Ấn (tiếng Anh: East India Company) hay còn được gọi bằng những cái tên khác như Công ty thương mại Đông Ấn (tiếng Anh: East India Trading Company), Công ty Đông Ấn Anh (tiếng Anh: English East India Company)[1] và, sau Đạo luật Liên minh nó mang tên là Công ty Đông Ấn Anh Quốc (tiếng Anh: British East India Company)[2] là một trong những công ty cổ phần đầu tiên của nước Anh [3] nó được thành lập ban đầu nhằm mục đích thương mại với Đông Ấn, nhưng thực ra nó chỉ giao dịch chủ yếu với tiểu lục địa Ấn Độ và Trung Quốc. Công ty được Hoàng gia Anh cấp giấy phép dưới cái tên Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies (tạm dịch: Thống đốc và Công ty thương mại của London tới Đông Ấn) bởi nữ hoàng Elizabeth ngày 31 tháng 12 năm 1600,[4] làm cho nó trở thành công ty thương mại Đông Ấn lâu đời nhất so với một số công ty tương tự ở Châu Âu, lớn nhất trong số đó là Công ty Đông Ấn Hà Lan. Sau khi một công ty đối thủ Anh thách thức sự độc quyền của mình trong cuối thế kỷ 17, hai công ty sáp nhập năm 1708 để hình thành United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies (tạm dịch: Liên hiệp Công ty thương gia Thương mại Anh đến Đông Ấn), thường gọi là Công ty danh dự Đông Ấn (tiếng Anh: Honourable East India Company)[5] và viết tắt là HEIC;[6] gọi tắt thông dụng là Công ty John (tiếng Anh: John Company)[7] và tại Ấn Độ được gọi là Công ty Bahadur (tiếng Anh: Bahadur Company, tiếng Hindubahādur "nhà cầm quyền")

Công ty Đông Ấn giao dịch chủ yếu bông, lụa, nhuộm chàm, tiêu, tràthuốc phiện. Công ty cũng đã cai trị một khu vực rộng lớn của Ấn Độ, thực hiện sức mạnh quân sự và giả thiết các chức năng hành chính, dần dần, theo đuổi thương mại của mình; nó có hiệu quả chức năng như một Tập đoàn lớn. Công ty cai trị ở Ấn Độ (tiếng Anh: Company rule in India), có hiệu quả từ năm 1757 sau trận Plassey, kéo dài cho đến năm 1858, sau những sự kiện của cuộc nổi dậy Ấn Độ năm 1857, và theo Đạo luật Chính phủ Ấn Độ 1858, Hoàng gia Anh đã thừa nhận sự cai quản trực tiếp của Ấn Độ tại thuộc địa British Raj (tạm dịch: Ấn Độ thuộc Anh) của mình. Công ty giải thể vào ngày 1 tháng 1 năm 1874.

Tham khảo

  1. ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica 2008, "East India Company"[liên kết hỏng]
  2. ^ 1. Columbia Encyclopedia 2007, "East India Company, British" Lưu trữ 2009-02-12 tại Wayback Machine. 2. Marx, Karl (ngày 25 tháng 6 năm 1853), “The British rule in India”, New York Daily Tribune republished in Carter, Mia; Harlow (editors), Barbara (2003), Archives of Empire, Raleigh: Duke University Press. Pp. 802, ISBN 0822331640Quản lý CS1: văn bản dư: danh sách tác giả (liên kết). Quote (p. 118): "I do not allude to European despotism, planted upon Asiatic despotism, by the British East India Company, forming a more monstrous combination than any of the divine monsters startling us in the temple of Salsette."
  3. ^ The Dutch East India Company was the first to issue public stock.
  4. ^ The Register of Letters &c. of the Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies, 1600–1619. On page 3, a letter written by Elizabeth I on ngày 23 tháng 1 năm 1601 ("Witnes or selfe at Westminster the xxiiijth of Ianuarie in the xliijth yeare of or Reigne.") states, "Haue been pleased to giue lysence vnto or said Subjects to proceed in the said voiadgs, & for the better inabling them to establish a trade into & from the said East Indies Haue by or tres Pattents vnder or great seale of England beareing date at Westminster the last daie of december last past incorporated or said Subjecte by the name of the Gournor & Companie of the merchaunts of London trading into the East Indies, & in the same tres Pattents haue geven them the sole trade of theast Indies for the terme of XVteen yeares..."
  5. ^ A. Oxford English Dictionary (Draft Edition, September 2008, requires subscription) entry for "honourable": "2b. Applied as an official or courtesy title of honour or distinction." Usage:... the prefix ‘Honourable’... is also applied to the House of Commons collectively;... also formerly to the East India Company, etc. Examples: 1698 FRYER Acc. E. India & P. 38 "In pay for the Honourable East India Company." B. Encyclopaedia Britannica 1911, "HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour), a style or title of honour common to the United Kingdom, the British colonies and the United States of America.... The epithet is also applied to the House of Commons as a body and to individual members during debate ("the honourable member for X"). Certain other corporate bodies have, by tradition or grant, the right to bear the style; e.g. the Honourable Irish Society, the Inns of Court (Honourable Society of the Inner Temple, &c.) and the Honourable Artillery Company; the East India Company also had the prefix "honourable" . The style may not be assumed by corporate bodies at will, as was proved in the case of the Society of Baronets, whose original style of "Honourable" Society was dropped by command." C. Birdwood, George (1891), Report on The Old Record of the India Office, London: W. H. Allen & Co., Limited, and at Calcutta Quote (p. 14): "The English Company [Including The General Society chartered by William III, ngày 3 tháng 9 năm 1698] trading with the East , commonly called "the New Company," was incorporated by William III, ngày 5 tháng 9 năm 1698; its charter running to 1714. The above Company of Merchants of London and the English Company, were finally incorporated under the name of "The United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East [commonly styled, "the Honourable East India Company"] in 1708-9."
  6. ^ Hawes, Christopher J. (1996), Poor Relations: The Making of a Eurasian Community in British India, 1773-1833, London: Routledge. Pp. 217., ISBN 0700704256 Quote (p. xiii): "Abbreviations: Honourable East India Company (HEIC)."
  7. ^ Ride, Lindsay; Ride, May; Mellor, Bernard (1995), An East India Company Cemetery: Protestant Burials in Macao, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. Pp. 304, ISBN 9622093841 Quote (p. 7): "In 1709, the Company amalgamated with a rival group, which had been chartered in 1698 by William III. This union took the title 'The Honourable East India Company,' which was shortened for general use to 'the Honourable Company' and more often still to John Company, until it ceased operations in 1834, after its monopoly of British trade with China was discontinued."

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