Abu Zar Gʻiforiy

Abu Zar al-G'iforiy
Jundub ibn Junada
Tavalludi nomaʼlum
Vafoti 651
Hijoz, Arabiston
Saudiya Arabistoni
Bolalari Darr (qizi)
Otasi Junda
Onasi Ramlah

Abu Zar laqabli Jundab ibn Junadt ibn Sufyon (arabcha: jundab ibn janạdẗ), Abu Zar al-G'iforiy (arabcha : ạ̉bw dẖr ạlgẖfạry) Islomni birinchi qabul qilgan sahobalardan biri. Islom payg'ambari Muhammad o'ziga Abdulloh ismini qo'ydi. Bani G'ifor qabilasidan edi . Uning tug'ilgan yili noma'lum. U 652 yilda Madina sahrosi yaqinidagi Ar-Rabaza shahrida vafot etgan.

Abu Zar zohidligi bilan, shuningdek, uchinchi xalifa Usmon bin Affonga qarshiligi bilan mashhur. Shia mazhabi uni dastlabki shia musulmonlari orasida to'rt sodiq sahobadan biri deb biladi.

Abu Zar Islom payg‘ambari bilan Makkadan Madinaga hijrat qilgan muhojir musulmonlardan biridir.

Turkiyada Usmonli sultoni IV Murat Bag'dod yurishidan qaytganida qurdirgan qabri bor.

Hayoti

Uning Islomni qabul qilishdan oldingi hayoti haqida juda kam narsa ma'lum. Abu Zar islomni qabul qilishidan oldin ham dunyo ne’matlaridan uzoq va yakkaxudolik e’tiqodiga ega bo‘lganligi ta’riflanadi. Uning qabilasi kichik va kambag'al boʻlgani uchun u Makkaliklar orasida yuqori mavqega ega emas edi. Gifar qabilasi Makka va Madinadan gʻarbda tashkil topgan kinana qabilasining bir tarmogʻi edi. [1]

Abu Zar [2] haqidagi keng tarqalgan mish-mishlarga koʻra, qabila hayoti bu hududdan oʻtuvchi karvonlarni talon-toroj qilish bilan bogʻliq boʻlsa-da, Abu Zer choʻponlik qilib kambagʻal, ammo halol hayot kechirishni afzal koʻrgan. Makkada yangi payg'ambar paydo boʻlgani haqidagi xabarni olishi bilan Abu Zer o'zini payg'ambar deb da'vo qilgan bu odamni topish uchun ukasi bilan Makkaga yo'l oladi. Haq dinni izlagan yigit ikkilanmasdan va vaqtni boy bermay yangi dinni qabul qiladi, o'sha paytda butparast dinning markazi boʻlgan Ka'ba oldida o'zining yangi e'tiqodi haqida baland ovozda guvohlik beradi. Makka mushriklari bu xatti-harakati uchun uni kaltaklashgan. O'z qabilasiga qaytgandan so'ng, u boshqalarni Islomni qabul qiladi va Islom payg'ambari Muhammad Madinaga hijrat qilganidan keyin yoki hijratda Muhammadga qo'shiladi.

Ilk musulmon tarixchisi Tabariyning yozishicha, Abu Zarr islomni qabul qilgan to'rtinchi yoki beshinchi shaxs boʻlgan. Islomni qabul qilish tartibi hech qachon to'liq aniqlanmagan, garchi boshqa ba'zi ilk musulmonlar ham xuddi shunday da'vo qilganlar. Biroq, uning ilk musulmonlardan biri ekanligi ma'lum.

Paygʻambar vafotidan keyingi hayoti

Abu Zar Muhammad vafotidan keyin xalifalik toʻqnashuvida Ali ibn Abu Tolibning sodiq tarafdori boʻlgan. Bu borada taniqli shia va sunniy tarixchilar hamfikrdir.

Tarixchi Vilfred Madelungga ko'ra, Abu Zar Usmon bin Affon xalifaligi davrida xalifaning nazaridan tushib qolgan. Usmon ibn Affon o'z qarindoshlarini " Islomiy davlat " ning turli viloyatlariga hokim qilib tayinlab, ularga Baytulmaldan pul olib berayotgan edi. Abu Zer bu xatti-harakat islom tamoyillariga zid degan fikrni himoya qildi.

Usmon, amakivachchasi Marvon ibn al-Hakamga 500 000 dirham, u ham Umaviylar qabilasidan, 300 000 dirham Xoris ibn al-Hakamga va Zayd ibn Madina Ifrikiya yurishidan olingan o'ljadan olingan Hums solig'idan (H. 27 / M. 647).Abu Zer Madinada Sobitga 100 000 dirham berib, bu amaliyotga qarshi chiqa boshladi. Mol yig‘uvchilarga do‘zax olovini va’da qiluvchi Qur’on oyatlarini tilovat qildi. Shunda Marvon Abu Zar ustidan Usmonga shikoyat qiladi va Usmon o'zining xizmatkori Notilni Abu Zarni ogohlantirish uchun yuboradi, lekin Notil Abu Zerni ko'ndira olmadi. Usmon Abu Zarning qarshiligiga bir muddat sabr qildilar, to Abu Zar xalifaning huzurida xalifaning xalifaning baytulmal pulini ishlatish yo‘lini qo‘llab-quvvatlagan Ka’b al- Ahborni g‘azabli so‘zlar bilan qattiq qoraladi. Shunda Usmon Abu Zarni so‘kib, Damashqqa jo‘natib yubordi. [3]

Abu Zar Damashqdagi murosasiz munosabatidan voz kechmadi va Usmonning jiyani va Damashq viloyati hokimi Muoviya ibn Abu Sufyonning dabdabali turmush tarzi va isrofgarchiliklarini tanqid qildi. Shunda u Madinaga qaytarildi. Baytulmoldan harom qilgan haromlarini tanqid qilishdan to‘xtamas ekan, to‘qson yoshida yolg‘iz qizi bilan yolg‘iz tuyada, Madina sahrosi yaqinidagi Ar-Rabaza shahriga surgun qilindi.

Madalungning yozishicha, Ali bin Abu Tolib Usmonning birinchi musulmonlardan biri va payg‘ambarning sevimli sahobalaridan biri bo‘lgan Abu Zarni jazolaganini qoralagan. Alining bunday munosabati ham Abu Zarni xalifa man qilgan bo‘lsa-da, shahar chegarasigacha hamroh bo‘lib, ezgu tilaklar va hurmat bilan surgunga jo‘natganidan ham ko‘rinadi. U Abu Zarga yaxshilik qilish uchun xalifaning taqiqini buzishni tavakkal qildi.

Ibn Sa'd Abu Zarrning o'z ixtiyori bilan Ribazaga borganini qayd etadi (eṭ-Ṭabahat, IV, 227); Boshqa tomondan, undan foyda ko'rgan Ya'kubiy (Tarih, II, 172) va Mas'udiy (Mürücü'ẕ-ẕeheb, II, 350) Makka, Basra, Kufe yoki Damashqqa borishni orzu qilgan, lekin Usmon rozi boʻlgan. ular bunday emas, deb bahslashadilar. Abu Zarr bilan xalifa o‘rtasidagi kelishmovchilik tufayli Ribaziyga borganligi aniq bo‘lsa-da, bu joyni qaysi biri mos deb hisoblaganligini aniqlashning iloji yo‘q. Rivoyat qilishlaricha, Usmon Abu Zarrga Ribazaga ketayotganda bir qancha tuya va ikki xizmatkor bergan, shuningdek, kundalik hisobi bilan ot bog‘lagan (Ibn al-Esir, al-Komil, III, 115). Abu Zar oilasi bilan Ribazaga safar qilayotganida, Ali va uning o'g'illari Hasan va Husayn, Ammar ibn. Yosir va Okil b. Abu Tolib bir muddat birga yurib, u bilan xayrlashdi.

Ribazada ikki yilga yaqin yolg‘iz hayot kechirgan Abu Zar Usmonning iltimosi bilan vaqti-vaqti bilan Madinaga borib turdi. Xalifaga qarshi isyon ko‘taramiz, deya o‘ziga rahbarlikni taklif qilgan ma’muriyatning ba’zi muxoliflariga duch kelmay, ularga xalifaga sodiq qolishni, uni sharmanda qiladigan ishlardan uzoq turishni maslahat berdi.

Abu Zar al-G'iforiy 32-yilning zul-hijja oyida (653-yil iyul) Ribaza shahrida vafot etdi. Bir mish-mishlarga ko'ra, Muhammad Abu Zarning qayg'uli yakunini quyidagi so'zlar bilan bashorat qilgan: Alloh sizni rahm qilsin, ey Abu Zar! u yolg'iz yashaydi, yolg'iz o'ladi va yolg'iz tiriladi.

Sunniy rivoyatlarga koʻra

Hadisning rivoyat zanjiri Abu Zarrga nisbat berilgan. U birinchi musulmonlar orasida chinakam mo‘min, rostgo‘y va nopokliklarga hech ikkilanmay qarshi turuvchi shaxs sifatida tanilgan. Sunniy rivoyatlarga ko‘ra, u qo‘pol, o‘qimagan badaviy bo‘lib, yuqori mansabni egallamagan, balki bor narsasini qurbon qilib, ummatga xizmat qilgan.

Islom payg'ambari Muhammad vafotidan so'ng, u Suriya cho'liga joylashdi va Abu Bakr va Umar xalifaligi davrida u yerda qoldi.

al-Ribaza

Usmon unga Madina yaqinidagi Ar-Rabazaga borishni buyurdi. Abu Zer hayotini bu yerda odamlardan uzoqlashtirib, Muhammad sunnatlariga mahkam yopishgan.

Afsonaga ko'ra, unga tashrif buyurgan bir kishi undan: "Tovaringiz qayerda?"

Abu Zar: “ Oxiratda uyimiz bor, boyligimizning eng yaxshisini u yerga yuboramiz”, deb javob berdi.

Savol bergan odam Abu Zer nimani nazarda tutayotganini tushundi va bu safar u: "Ammo siz bu dunyoda ekansiz, ba'zi mavjudotlar bo'lishi kerak", dedi.

Abu ZAr: “Bu dunyoning egasi bizni bu yerda qoldirmaydi”, deb javob berdi.

Xuddi shunday, Suriya amiri Abu Zarga tirikchilik uchun 300 dinor jo‘natganida, Abu Zar “Amir bu pulga mendan ko‘ra munosibroq xizmatkorni topa olmadimi?” deb qaytardi.

Abu Zar sodda hayotini davom ettirdi va hijriy 32-yilda vafot etguniga qadar Alloh yo‘liga ixlos qo‘ydi. [4]

Shia rivoyatlariga koʻra

Shia rivoyatlari Abu Zarni Salmon-i Forisiy, Mikdod va Ammar ibn Yosir bilan birga eng buyuk va sodiq sahobalardan biri deb biladilar. Madinaga hijrat paytida Suriyada bo‘lib, keyin Madinadagi musulmonlar safiga qo‘shildi. O'sha paytda Islom payg'ambari Muhammad Madina darvozasi oldida uning kelishini kutgan edi. Uzoqdan kelayotgan soyani ko‘rib, unga: “Abu Zar bo‘l”, dedi. Muhammad alayhissalom vafotlaridan keyin sahobalar ichida Abu Bakrni qo‘llab-quvvatlaganlar bilan Ali ibn Abu Tolibdan boshqasini qabul qilmaganlar o‘rtasida “Kimning mavlosi bo‘lsam, Ali ham uning mavlosidir” degan so‘zdan kelib chiqib bo‘linib ketdi. Payg'ambarning G'adir-i Humm degan joyda qilgan nutqi. Abu Zar Alining eng qudratli va bilimdon do‘stlaridan biri bo‘lib, yangi hukumatga qarshi so‘z bilan kurashardi, chunki Ali ummatning bo‘linib ketishining oldini olish uchun qilich ishlatishdan qo‘rqardi.

Abu Zar Damashq viloyatiga surgun qilingan va shu tariqa Muoviya nazoratiga o‘tgan. U shia dinini Damashq viloyatida (hozirgi Livan, Suriya, Iordaniya, Isroil, Falastin hududlari va Saudiya Arabistonining shimoliy qismlari) yoyishga kirishdi, bu hali ham keng tarqalgan, ayniqsa bugun oʻzi yashab turgan Livan janubida. U yerda Muoviyaga qarshi jang qildi. Shundan so‘ng Muoviya Usmonga xabar yuborib, endi Abu Zarni ushlab turishga qurbi yo‘qligini va uni Usmonning himoyasiga qaytarib yubormoqchi bo‘ldi. Shunda Usmon uni yalangoyoq otda Madinaga qaytarishni buyurdi. Madinaga qaytgach, Usmon Abu Zarni Ribaza degan joyga surgun qildi, u yerda avvallari Muoviya bilan bir xil muammolarga duch kelgani uchun u keyinchalik ochlikdan vafot etadi. Musulmonlar xalifaning kuchidan qo‘rqishardi. Buning uchun uni faqat bir nechta sodiq do'stlar yuborishdi. Bular Ali ibn Abu Tolib va uning ukasi Oqil, o'g'illari Hasan va Husayn va ulug' sahobalardan Ammar ibn Yosirdir .

Avlodlari

Abu Zarning nabirasi Yahyo va uning nevarasi Oqil Karbalo jangida shahid bo‘ldilar. Oqilning avlodlari Eronga ko'chib ketishgan, u yerda hozir ham G'iforiy familiyasi bilan yashaydigan odamlar yashaydi. Eronning Koshan shahrida istiqomat qilgan, Abu Zar naslidanman degan G'iforiylar oilasi ko‘plab siyosatchilar va ziyolilarni yetishtirgan. Ular orasida Karimxon Zand (1760 - 1779) davrida Keshan, Natanz va Qum hokimi boʻlgan muazzin; Rassom Kamol al-Mulk va Eronning Fransiyadagi elchisi Faruk Xon Emin Ed-Dolah ham bor. [5]

Adabiyotlar

  • Madelung, Uilferd - Muhammadning vorisligi, Kembrij universiteti nashriyoti, 1997 yil
  • Vatt, Montgomeri - Muhammad Makkada, Oksford universiteti nashriyoti, 1953 yil
  • Vatt, Montgomeri - Muhammad Madinada, Oksford universiteti nashriyoti, 1956 yil
  • 8 Şubat 2009 tarihinde Gifari oilasining

Manbalar

  1. Watt, Muhammad at Medina, 1956, s. 81
  2. „Islam Online“. 5-martda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 9 ekim 2009.
  3. Madelung, Succession to Muhammad, 1997, p. 84
  4. „Abu Dharr al-Ghifari: Part II“. 25 mayıs 2011da asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 9 ekim 2009.
  5. „Arşivlenmiş kopya“. 8 şubat 2009da asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 6 temmuz 2021.

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