معاونت:بین الاقوامی اصواتی ابجدیہ برائے مالے

حرف صحیحs

IPA	Examples	nearest English equivalent
[[|b]]	bola[1]	beau
[[|d]]	dari[1]	do
[[|ð]]	izin, zakar[2]	the, father
[[|dʒ]]	jari	job
[[|f]]	fikir, visa[3]	festival
[[|ɡ]]	galah[4]	gain
[[|h]]	habis, tokoh	hat
[[|j]]	yakin, kaya	yes
[[|k]]	kalah[1][4]	sky
[[|l]]	lama	clean
[[|m]]	makan	moon
[[|n]]	nakal	note
[[|ŋ]]	ngarai	feeling
[[|ɲ]]	nyaman	canyon
[[|θ]]	Selasa, salji, misal[2]	think, three
[[|p]]	pola[1]	spy
[[|r]]	raja, dari, pasar	trilled 'r'[5]
[[|s]]	saya	six
[[|ʃ]]	syak[3]	shoe
[[|t]]	tari[1]	sty
[[|tʃ]]	cari	check
[[|v]]	visa[3]	vision
[[|w]]	waktu, Jawa	we
[[|x]]	khas[3]	Scottish Loch
[[|z]]	zaman[3]	zero
[[|ʔ]]	bapak [1][4]

مصوتs^[6]

IPA	Examples	nearest English equivalent
[[|a]]	ajar, buka[7][8]	father
[[|e]]	serong, kare, pilih, yakin, kirim[9]	clay[10]
[[|ɛ]]	pek, teh, bebek[11]	festival
[[|i]]	bila, ini	see
[[|ɪ]]	kirim[11]	bin
[[|o]]	roda, toko, tujuh, rumput[9]	sole[12]
[[|ɔ]]	pohon[11]	sort
[[|u]]	upah, baru	moon
[[|ʊ]]	rumput[11]	foot
[[|ə]]	gelak, buka[7]	taken, about

Diphthongs

IPA	Examples	nearest English equivalent
au, aʊ[13]	kalau[9]	how
ai, aɪ[13]	capai[9]	bye
ei, eɪ[13]	murbei	survey (uncommon)
oi, oɪ[13]	sepoi	boy (uncommon)
ui, uɪ[13]	fengsui	Spanish muy (uncommon)

Other symbols

IPA	Explanation
[[|ˈ]]	Primary stress Placed before the stressed syllable[14]

حواشی

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1. ^ /p/, /t/, /k/ are unaspirated, as in the رومنی زبانیں, or as in English spy, sty, sky. In final position, they are unreleased [p̚, t̪̚, ʔ̚], with final k being a وقف مزمار. /b, d/ are also unreleased, and therefore devoiced, [p̚, t̚]. There is no liaison: they remain unreleased even when followed by a vowel, as in kulit ubi "potato skins", though they are pronounced as a normal medial consonant when followed by a suffix.
2. ^ The dental fricatives [θ, ð] are found solely in Arabic loanwords, but the writing is not distinguished from the Arabic loanwords containing the [s, z] sounds and these sounds must be learned separately by the speakers.
3. ^ The fricatives [f, z, ʃ, x] are found in loanwords only. Some speakers pronounce orthographic ‹v› in loanwords as [v]; otherwise it is [f]. The fricative [z] can also be an allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants.
4. ^ The glottal stop [ʔ] is an allophone of /k/ and /ɡ/ in the coda: baik, bapak. It is also used between identical vowels in hiatus. Only a few words have this sound in the middle, e.g. bakso (meatballs). It may be represented by an apostrophe in Arabic derived words such as Al Qur'an.
5. In traditional Malay areas, the rhotic consonant /r/ is realized as a velar or uvular fricative, [ɣ] or [ʁ], and elided word-finally. Elsewhere, including in Standard Indonesian, it is an alveolar tap [ɾ] or trill [r]. Its position relative to schwa is ambiguous: kertas "paper" may be pronounced [krəˈtas] or [kərəˈtas].
6. The nasal consonants /m, n, ŋ, ɲ/ nasalize following vowels, and may nasalize a subsequent vowel if the intervening consonant is /h, j, w, ʔ/.
7. ^ In Malaysian, word-final /a/ is often reduced to [ə].
8. [ɑ] is an occasional allophone of /a/ after or before more carefully pronounced consonant from Arabic loanwords, example: qari [qɑri].
9. ^ [e, o] are allophones of /i, u/ in native words, but have become established as distinct phonemes in English and Javanese loan words. The diphthongs /ai, au/, which only occur in open syllables, are often merged into [e, o], respectively, especially in جاوا.
10. The Malay/Indonesian /e/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of clay (for most English dialects) and the vowel of get. The Malay/Indonesian vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.
11. ^ /e, i, o, u/ in انڈونیشیائی زبان have lax allophones [ɛ, ɪ, ɔ, ʊ] in ہجا, except that tense [i, u] occur in stressed syllables with a coda nasal, and lax [ɛ, ɔ] also occur in open syllables if the following syllable contains the same lax vowel.
12. The Malay /o/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of sole (for most English dialects) and the vowel of raw. The Malay/Indonesian vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.
13. ^ Only occurs in Indonesian, not in Malay.
14. Stress generally falls on the penultimate syllable. If that syllable contains a schwa [ə], stress shifts to the antepenult if there is one, and to the final syllable if there is not. Some suffixes are ignored for stress placement.