Madrigal

Madrigal Rönesans ve Barok dönemlerine özgü, dini olmayan vokal oda müziği biçimidir. Çok sesli Madrigal, enstrüman eşliği olmaksızın seslendirilir. Ses sayısı iki ile sekiz arasında değişir, ancak form genellikle üç ila altı ses içerir.

Türün ilk örnekleri 14. yüzyılda İtalya’da ortaya çıkmış ve türün merkezi hep İtalya olarak kalmakla birlikte Almanya ve İngiltere’de de özellikle 16. yüzyıl sonu ve 17. yüzyıl başlarında madrigaller bestelenmiştir.

Dönemin başka söze dayalı türlerinin nakaratlara ve temel bir melodiye dayalı yapılarına karşın madrigallerde, sözlerin anlamlarını en iyi yansıtacak şekilde düzenlenen beste, her bir dize için farklıdır.

16. yüzyıl madrigalleri, bir başka sözel müzik yapısı olan ve 1470–1530 arasında zirvesine ulaşan Frottola’dan ve İtalyanca yazılan şiirlere olan ilginin canlanışından kaynaklanır. Ayrıca bir başka vokal müzik yapısı olan “Motet’in”, Fransız şansonlarının ve dönemin İtalyan vatandaşlığında yaşayan Franko-Flaman bestecilerinin motetin çok sesli bir yapısı olarak yazdıkları bestelerin de etkilerini taşır.

Madrigal zamanının dini olmayan en önemli müzik formudur. Tam gelişimine 16. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında ulaşmış ve 17. yüzyılın başlarında solo şarkılar gibi formların gelişimiyle beraber önemini kaybetmeye başlamıştır. 1630'dan sonra Cantata ve Dialog ile birleşen Madrigal, önemli bir tür olarak Operanın gelişimi ile birlikte yerini Arya'ya bırakmıştır.

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