Gökdelen

Empire State Building, New York

Gökdelen, çok yüksek yapı anlamına gelmektedir, gemicilikte geminin uzun direğine verilen isimdir.

Bir gökdelen için en düşük yükseklik 305 metre (1000 fit) olarak kabul edilmektedir.

“Gökdelen” kelimesinin karşılığı olan İngilizce kelime skyscraper (gök kazıyan), 19. yüzyılın sonlarında, New York'taki halkın muazzam yapılara karşı olan korkusu sonucu ortaya çıkmıştır. Amerika Birleşik Devletlerin'de, geleneksel olarak gökdelenlerin en düşük uzunluğu 153 metre (500 fit) olarak kabul edilmektedir.

Çelik, güçlendirilmiş betonlar, su pompaları ve asansörler gökdelenler için en önemli gelişmelere sebep olmuştur.

Gökdelenlerin ağırlık taşıyan sistemleri diğer yapılara göre büyük farklılıklar göstermektedir. 4 kata kadar yapılar sadece duvarlardan destek alabilirler, ancak gökdelenler çelik iskeletlerden destek almak zorunda olan geniş yapılardır. Duvarlar bu çelik iskeletlere perde gibi asılırlar-hatta mimaride bu çelik iskeletler tarafından desteklenen cam kaplamalı yüksek yapılara "giydirme cepheli" denir. Rüzgâr için ise özel durumlar göz önüne alınmaktadır.

Adlandırma

İngilizce ile Fransızcadaki adları «gök-kazıyan» anlamına gelir ve bu iki dilden diğer dillere büyük ölçüde olduğu gibi harfiyen çevrilmiştir.

Tarih

İlk gökdelen olarak Chicago'da 1884-1885'te inşa edilen on katlı “Home Insurance” binası kabul edilmektedir. Günümüz koşullarıyla ilk gökdelen ise New York'taki “Woolworth Building” dir.

Gökdelenler 19. yüzyılın sonlarında New York, Şikago ve Londra da, 1930'ların başından itibaren Güney Amerika (Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires) ve Asya (Şanghay, Hong Kong, Singapur)’da inşa edilmeye başlandı.

Dünya'nın en yüksek gökdelenleri (İlk 50)

Sıra Adı Ülke Şehir Yapılış Tarihi Yükseklik Kat Sayısı
1 Burç Halife Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri Dubai 2009 828m 160
2 Ebrac El Beyt Suudi Arabistan Mekke 2012 601 m 120
3 Taipei 101 Tayvan Taipei 2004 509 m 101
4 Şangay dünya Finans merkezi Çin Şangay 2008 492m 101
5 Uluslararası Ticaret Merkezi Hong Kong Hong Kong 2009 483m 118
6= Petronas İkiz Kuleleri 1 Malezya Kuala Lumpur 1998 452m 88
6= Petronas İkiz Kuleleri 2 Malezya Kuala Lumpur 1998 452m 88
8 Nanjing Greenland Finans Merkezi Çin Nanjing 2003 450m 89
9 Willis Kulesi ABD Chicago 1973 442m 108
10 Guangzhou Batı Kulesi Çin Guangzhou 2010 440m 108
11 Trump Uluslararası Hotel ve Kulesi ABD Chicago 2009 423 m 96
12 Jin Mao Kulesi Çin Şangay 1998 421 m 88
13 2 Uluslararası Finans Merkezi Hong Kong Dubai 2003 416 m 88
14 CITIC Plaza Çin Guangzhou 1997 391 m 80
15 Shun Hing Square Çin Shenzhen 1996 384 m 69
16 Empire State Binası ABD New York 1931 381m 102
17 Central Plaza Hong Kong Hong Kong 1992 374 m 78
18 Çin Bankası Kulesi Hong Kong Hong Kong 1990 367m 72
19 Bank of America Kulesi ABD New York 2008 366 m 54
20 Almas Kulesi Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri Dubai 2009 363 m 68
21 Emirates Office Kulesi Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri Dubai 2000 355 m 54
21 Tuntex Sky Kulesi Tayvan Kaohsiung 1997 348 m 85
22 Aon Merkezi ABD Chicago 1973 346 m 83
23 The Center Hong Kong Hong Kong 1998 346 m 73
24 John Hancock Merkezi ABD Chicago 1969 344 m 100
25 Tianjin Dünya Finans Merkezi Çin Tianjin 2010 337 m 76
26= Wenzhou Dünya Ticaret Merkezi Çin Wenzhou 2009 333 m 72
26= Rose Kulesi Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri Dubai 2007 333 m 72
26= Shanghai Shimao Uluslararası Plaza Çin Şangay 2006 333 m 60
29 Minsheng Bank Binası Çin Vuhan 2007 331 m 68
30 Ryugyong Hotel Kuzey Kore Pyongyang 2012 330 m 105
30= Çin Dünya Ticaret Merkezi Kulesi 3 Çin Pekin 2008 330 m 74
32 The Index Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri Dubai 2009 328 m 80
33 Q1 Avustralya Gold Coast 2005 323 m 78
34 Burj Al Arab Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri Dubai 1999 321 m 60
35= Chrysler Binası ABD New York 1930 319 m 77
35= Nina Kulesi Hong Kong Tsuen Wan 2007 319 m 80
35= New York Times Binası ABD New York 2007 319 m 52
38 HHHR Kulesi Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri Dubai 2009 317 m 72
39 Bank of America Plaza ABD Atlanta 1992 312 m 55
40 Pearl River Kulesi Çin Guangzhou 2010 310 m 71
41= Sky Tower Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri Abu Dabi 2009 310 m 74
41= U.S. Bank Kulesi ABD Los Angeles 1989 310 m 73
43= Ocean Hights Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri Dubai 2010 310 m 84
43= Menara Telekom Malezya Kuala Lumpur 2001 310 m 55
45 Emirates Kuleleri Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri Dubai 2000 309 m 56
46 One Island East Hong Kong Hong Kong 2008 308 m 70
47 AT&T Şirket Merkezi ABD Chicago 1989 307 m 60
48 The Address Downtown Dubai Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri Dubai 2008 306 m 63
49 JPMorgan Chase Kulesi ABD Houston 1982 305 m 75
50 Kuzeydoğu Asya Ticaret Kulesi Güney Kore İnçeon 2010 305 m 70

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