Buğu

Su-buhar sıcaklık-entropi diyagramı

Buğu, istim veya islim (İngilizce “steam”den); fizik, kimya ve mühendislikte, buharlaşmış suyu ifade eder. 100 santigrat derece civarındaki sıcaklıkta ve standart atmosferik basınçtaki buhar, saftır, saydam gaz haldedir ve sıvı haldeki sudan 1600 kat daha hacimlidir. Buhar doğal olarak suyun kaynama noktasından daha sıcaktır. Daha yüksek sıcaklıklardaki buhara genelde kızdırılmış buhar denir.

Sıvı haldeki su, çok sıcak sıvı bir madde ile temas ettiğinde (örneğin lav veya erimiş metal), çok çabuk olarak buhar haline gelebilir. Buna buhar patlaması adı verilir. Bu patlama, özellikle kapalı alanlarda ani basınç değişikliği nedeniyle, son derece büyük hasarlara sebep olabilir.

Bir buhar makinesi, mekanik iş üretmek için türbin veya pistonun hareketini buharın genişlemesi ile sağlar. Diğer endüstriyel uygulamalarda, buhar genellikle borular boyunca dolaşarak depoladığı enerjiyi ısı transferi ile aktarır. Buhardaki bu depolanmış ısının nedeni suyun yüksek buharlaşma ısısıdır. Mühendisler buhar makinelerini modellemek için ideal termodinamik çevrim olan Rankine çevrimini kullanır.

Entalpi-entropi diyagramı

Buhar, endüstri dışında sauna ve hamam gibi yerlerde de sıcaklık ve insanlar üzerindeki terapi etkileri sağlamak için kullanılır.

ABD'de elektrik enerjisi üretiminin %90'ından fazlası akışkan olarak buhar kullanan buhar türbinleri ile sağlanmaktadır. Buhar türbininde enerji verimini maksimize etmek için düşük basınçta, buharın yoğuşarak su haline gelmesi sık sık meydana gelir. Fakat bu durumun (yaş-buhar), korozyona sebep olmaması için süreç çok dikkatli bir şekilde kontrol edilmelidir.

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