Klitoromegali

Klitoromegali
Large Clitoris Closeup.jpg
Kvinna med Klitoromegali
Klassifikation och externa resurser
ICD-10Q52.6
ICD-9752.49
DiseasesDB30822

Klitoromegali är ett patologiskt tillstånd av förstorad klitoris (hypertrofi). Klitoromegali kan vara medfött eller sekundärt i förhållande till andra sjukdomar eller läkemedel.[1]

Med klitoromegali menas ett klitorisollon – den utåt synliga delen av klitorisen – som är större än 1,5 x 2,5 cm.[2] Hos nyfödda kan klitoromegali se ut som en liten penis, och då uppkomma tillsammans med ihopväxta blygdläppar som påminner om scrotum.[3] Det ingår i alla åldrar som kliniskt kriterium på kvinnlig hyperandrogenism, tillsammans med manligt håravfall, hirsutism, akne, djupare röstklang, större muskelmassa, bukfetma, kroppslukt, och förstärkt sexualdrift.[4][5][6][7] Graden klitoromegali är en viktig aspekt i bedömningen av genital virilism, som brukar definieras enligt Praderskalan från 0 (ingen genital virilism) till 5 (där den genitala virilismen är fullständig).[8][9]

Förvärvad klitoromegali kan bero på störningar i äggstockarnas funktion som vid polycystiskt ovariesyndrom (PCOS), eller andra endokrina rubbningar som ger hyperandrogenism, eller uppkomma efter intag av Danazol. Undantagsvis kan det uppkomma av leiomyosarkom i klitoris.[1] I de flesta fall beror klitoromegali på PCOS, följt av hormonproducerande tumörer.[4][5][6][7] Vidare förekommer det som biverkning till anabola steroider.[10]

Klitoromegali kan ingå i en medfödd intersexuell störning, då tillståndet uppträder tidigt i livet. Om fenotypen är mera manlig, bildas en mikropenis i stället för klitoromegali.[11] Det finns vidare ett medfött Lipodystrofiskt syndrom, då klitoromegalin hänger samman med medfödd avsaknad av underhudsfett, tydligt utvecklade muskler, och hastig och stor skelettillväxt.[12]

Undersökningar om huruvida en person har klitoromegali är aktuella för utredningar om virilisation, exempelvis vid för tidig pubertet,[13] eller ofrivillig barnlöshet. Tillståndet förekommer ofta, men inte alltid, tillsammans med hirsutism. Båda tillstånden sammanfaller med kraftigt förhöjda nivåer androgener. Klitoromegali utan hirsutism förekommer vid förhöjda nivåer DHEA, och klitromegali med hirsutsim också med förhöjda nivåer testosteron.[14] Dock antas testosteron som läkemedel orsaka tillståndet.[15]

Referenser

  1. ^ [a b] Kumar, Santosh, et al. "Large Clitoral Leiomyoma in a Forty-Two Years Old Premenopausal Woman." (2014).
  2. ^ Rothman, Micol S., and Margaret E. Wierman. "How should postmenopausal androgen excess be evaluated?." Clinical endocrinology 75.2 (2011): 160-164.
  3. ^ http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003269.htm
  4. ^ [a b] Yildiz, Bulent O. "Diagnosis of hyperandrogenism: clinical criteria." Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 20.2 (2006): 167-176.
  5. ^ [a b] Baranrki, Theodore A., Anne L. Leddy, and J. Donald Woodruff. "Bilateral hilus cell tumors of the ovary." Obstetrics & Gynecology 62.1 (1983): 128-130.
  6. ^ [a b] Martin, Kathryn A., et al. "Evaluation and treatment of hirsutism in premenopausal women: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline." The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 93.4 (2008): 1105-1120.
  7. ^ [a b] ”Arkiverade kopian”. Arkiverad från originalet den 5 december 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141205163137/http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/hirsutism-and-virilism. Läst 28 november 2014. 
  8. ^ ”Arkiverade kopian”. Arkiverad från originalet den 25 januari 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170125041955/http://science.nichd.nih.gov/confluence/download/attachments/23920688/Prader_Scale.pdf. Läst 28 november 2014. 
  9. ^ ”Arkiverade kopian”. Arkiverad från originalet den 4 mars 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122424/http://posterng.netkey.at/esr/viewing/index.php?module=viewimage&task=&downloadoriginal=1&mediafile_id=328869&201001292104. Läst 28 november 2014. 
  10. ^ Rogol, Alan D., and C. E. Yesalis 3rd. "Clinical review 31: Anabolic-androgenic steroids and athletes: what are the issues?." The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 74.3 (1992): 465-469.
  11. ^ Mansour, S. M., et al. "Does MRI add to ultrasound in the assessment of disorders of sex development?." European journal of radiology 81.9 (2012): 2403-2410.
  12. ^ A.P. Goldberg et al, Adipose Tissue and Adipokines in Health and Disease, Springer Science & Business Media, 2007 s. 239
  13. ^ Abdulmoein Eid Al-Agha, Precocious Puberty, King Abdul Aziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  14. ^ Mathur, R. S., et al. "Plasma androgens, 17 beta-estradiol, and sex hormone-binding globulin in patients with hirsutism and/or clitoromegaly." Fertility and sterility 36.2 (1981): 188-193.
  15. ^ Davis, Susan R., and Jane Tran. "Testosterone influences libido and well being in women." Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 12.1 (2001): 33-37.

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