Hydrophiinae
Morske zmije , ili zmije koralnog grebena , su potporodica otrovnih elapidnih zmija , Hydrophiinae , koje nastanjuju morske sredine tokom većeg dela ili celokupnog života. Većina njih je dobro prilagođena potpuno vodenom životu i ne mogu se kretati kopnom, osim roda Laticauda Indijskog do Tihog okeana i usko su povezane sa otrovnim kopnenim zmijama u Australiji.[ 2]
Sve morske zmije imaju repove nalik veslu, a mnoge imaju bočno komprimovana tela koja im daju izgled jegulja . Za razliku od riba, nemaju škrge i moraju redovno da izrone da bi disale. Zajedno s kitovima , spadaju u najpotpunije vodene životinje od svih kičmenjaka koji dišu vazduh.[ 3] rodova morskih zmija opisano.[ 4] [ 5] [ 5]
Sistematika
Rodovi
Acanthophis Daudin, 1803 Aipysurus Lacépède, 1804 Antaioserpens Wells and Wellington, 1985 Aspidomorphus Fitzinger, 1843 Austrelaps Worrell, 1963 Brachyurophis Günther, 1863 Cacophis Günther, 1863 Cryptophis Worrell, 1961 Demansia Günther, 1858 Denisonia Krefft, 1869 Drysdalia Worrell, 1961 Echiopsis Fitzinger, 1843 Elapognathus Boulenger, 1896 Emydocephalus Krefft, 1869 Ephalophis M. A. Smith, 1931 Furina A. M. C. Duméril, 1853 Hemiaspis Fitzinger, 1861 Hoplocephalus Wagler, 1830 Hydrelaps Boulenger, 1896 Hydrophis Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille, 1801 Kolpophis M. A. Smith, 1926 Loveridgelaps McDowell, 1970 Micropechis Boulenger, 1896 Neelaps Günther, 1863 Notechis Boulenger, 1896 Ogmodon W. C. H. Peters, 1864 Oxyuranus Kinghorn, 1923 Parahydrophis Burger and Natsuno, 1974 Parapistocalamus Roux, 1934 Parasuta Worrell, 1961 Paroplocephalus Keogh, Scott and Scanlon, 2000 Pseudechis Wagler, 1830 Pseudonaja Günther, 1858 Rhinoplocephalus F. Müller, 1885 Salomonelaps McDowell, 1970 Simoselaps Jan, 1859 Suta Worrell, 1961 Thalassophis P. Schmidt, 1852 Toxicocalamus Boulenger, 1896 Tropidechis Günther, 1863 Vermicella Gray in Günther, 1858
Vrste
Acanthophis antarcticus (Shaw and Nodder, 1802) Acanthophis cryptamydros Maddodk, Ellis, Doughty, A. Smith and Wüster, 2015 Acanthophis hawkei Wells and Wellington, 1985 Acanthophis laevis Macleay, 1878 Acanthophis praelongus Ramsay, 1877 Acanthophis pyrrhus Boulenger, 1898 Acanthophis rugosus Loveridge, 1948 Acanthophis wellsi Hoser, 1998 Aipysurus apraefrontalis M. A. Smith, 1926 Aipysurus duboisii Bavay, 1869 Aipysurus eydouxii (Gray, 1849) Aipysurus foliosquama M. A. Smith, 1926 Aipysurus fuscus (Tschudi, 1837) Aipysurus laevis Lacépède, 1804 Aipysurus mosaicus Sanders, Rasmussen, Elmburg, Mumpuni, Guinea, Blias, Lee and Fry, 2012 Aipysurus pooleorum L. A. Smith, 1974 Aipysurus tenuis Lönnberg and Andersson, 1913 Antaioserpens albiceps (Boulenger, 1898) Antaioserpens warro (De Vis, 1884) Aspidomorphus lineaticollis (Werner, 1903) Aspidomorphus muelleri (Schlegel, 1837) Aspidomorphus schlegelii (Günther, 1872) Austrelaps labialis (Jan, 1859) Austrelaps ramsayi (Krefft, 1864) Austrelaps superbus (Günther, 1858) Brachyurophis approximans (Glauert, 1954) Brachyurophis australis (Krefft, 1864) Brachyurophis campbelli (Kinghorn, 1929) Brachyurophis fasciolatus (Günther, 1872) Brachyurophis incinctus (Storr, 1968) Brachyurophis morrisi (Horner, 1998) Brachyurophis roperi (Kinghorn, 1931) Brachyurophis semifasciatus Günther, 1863 Cacophis churchilli Wells and Wellington, 1985 Cacophis harriettae Krefft, 1869 Cacophis krefftii Günther, 1863 Cacophis squamulosus (A. M. C. Duméril, Bibron and A. H. A. Duméril, 1854) Cryptophis boschmai (Brongersma and Knaap-van Meeuwen, 1964) Cryptophis incredibilis (Wells and Wellington, 1985) Cryptophis nigrescens (Günther, 1862) Cryptophis nigrostriatus (Krefft, 1864) Cryptophis pallidiceps (Günther, 1858) Demansia angusticeps (Macleay, 1888) Demansia calodera Storr, 1978 Demansia flagellatio Wells and Wellington, 1985 Demansia olivacea (Gray, 1842) Demansia papuensis (Macleay, 1877) Demansia psammophis (Schlegel, 1837) Demansia quaesitor Shea in Shea and Scanlon, 2007 Demansia reticulata (Gray, 1842) Demansia rimicola Scanlon in Shea and Scanlon, 2007 Demansia rufescens Storr, 1978 Demansia shinei Shea in Shea and Scanlon, 2007 Demansia simplex Storr, 1978 Demansia torquata (Günther, 1862) Demansia vestigiata (De Vis, 1884) Denisonia devisi Waite and Longman, 1920 Denisonia maculata (Steindachner, 1867) Drysdalia coronoides (Günther, 1858) Drysdalia mastersii (Krefft, 1866) Drysdalia rhodogaster (Jan in Jan and Sordelli, 1873) Echiopsis curta (Schlegel, 1837) Elapognathus coronatus (Schlegel, 1837) Elapognathus minor (Günther, 1863) Emydocephalus annulatus Krefft, 1869 Emydocephalus ijimae Stejneger, 1898 Emydocephalus szczerbaki Dotsenko, 2011 Ephalophis greyae M. A. Smith, 1931 Furina barnardi (Kinghorn, 1939) Furina diadema (Schlegel, 1837) Furina dunmalli (Worrell, 1955) Furina ornata (Gray, 1842) Furina tristis (Günther, 1858) Hemiaspis damelii (Günther, 1876) Hemiaspis signata (Jan, 1859) Hoplocephalus bitorquatus (Jan, 1859) Hoplocephalus bungaroides (Schlegel, 1837) Hoplocephalus stephensii Krefft, 1869 Hydrelaps darwiniensis Boulenger, 1896 Hydrophis atriceps Günther, 1864 Hydrophis belcheri (Gray, 1849) Hydrophis bituberculatus W. C. H. Peters, 1873 Hydrophis brookii Günther, 1872 Hydrophis caerulescens (Shaw, 1802) Hydrophis cantoris Günther, 1864 Hydrophis coggeri (Kharin, 1984) Hydrophis curtus (Shaw, 1802) Hydrophis cyanocinctus Daudin, 1803 Hydrophis czeblukovi (Kharin, 1984) Hydrophis donaldi Ukuwela, Sanders and Fry, 2012 Hydrophis elegans (Gray, 1842) Hydrophis fasciatus (Schneider, 1799) Hydrophis gracilis (Shaw, 1802) Hydrophis hardwickii (Gray, 1835) Hydrophis hendersoni (Boulenger, 1903) Hydrophis inornatus (Gray, 1849) Hydrophis jerdonii (Gray, 1849) Hydrophis kingii Boulenger, 1896 Hydrophis klossi Boulenger, 1912 Hydrophis laboutei Rasmussen and Ineich, 2000 Hydrophis lamberti M. A. Smith, 1917 Hydrophis lapemoides (Gray, 1849) Hydrophis macdowelli Kharin, 1983 Hydrophis major (Shaw, 1802) Hydrophis mamillaris (Daudin, 1803) Hydrophis melanocephalus Gray, 1849 Hydrophis melanosoma Günther, 1864 Hydrophis nigrocinctus Daudin, 1803 Hydrophis obscurus Daudin, 1803 Hydrophis ocellatus Gray, 1849 Hydrophis ornatus (Gray, 1842) Hydrophis pachycercos Fischer, 1855 Hydrophis pacificus Boulenger, 1896 Hydrophis parviceps M. A. Smith, 1935 Hydrophis peronii (A. M. C. Duméril, 1853) Hydrophis platurus (Linnaeus, 1766) Hydrophis schistosus Daudin, 1803 Hydrophis semperi Garman, 1881 Hydrophis sibauensis Rasmussen, Auliya and Böhme, 2001 Hydrophis spiralis (Shaw, 1802) Hydrophis stokesii (Gray, 1846) Hydrophis stricticollis Günther, 1864 Hydrophis torquatus Günther, 1864 Hydrophis viperinus (P. Schmidt, 1852) Hydrophis vorisi Kharin, 1984 Hydrophis zweifeli (Kharin, 1985) Kolpophis annandalei (Laidlaw, 1901) Loveridgelaps elapoides (Boulenger, 1890) Micropechis ikaheca (Lesson in Duperrey, 1829) Neelaps calonotus (A. M. C. Duméril, Bibron and A. H. A. Duméril, 1854) Notechis scutatus (W. C. H. Peters, 1861) Ogmodon vitianus W. C. H. Peters, 1864 Oxyuranus microlepidotus (McCoy, 1879) Oxyuranus scutellatus (W. C. H. Peters, 1867) Oxyuranus temporalis Doughty, Maryan, Donnellan and Hutchinson, 2007 Parahydrophis mertoni (Roux, 1910) Parapistocalamus hedigeri Roux, 1934 Parasuta dwyeri (Worrell, 1956) Parasuta flagellum (McCoy, 1878) Parasuta gouldii (Gray, 1841) Parasuta monachus (Storr, 1964) Parasuta nigriceps (Günther, 1863) Parasuta spectabilis (Krefft, 1869) Paroplocephalus atriceps (Storr, 1980) Pseudechis australis (Gray, 1842) Pseudechis butleri L. A. Smith, 1982 Pseudechis colletti Boulenger, 1902 Pseudechis guttatus De Vis, 1905 Pseudechis pailsei (Hoser, 1998) Pseudechis papuanus W. C. H. Peters and Doria, 1878 Pseudechis porphyriacus (Shaw, 1794) Pseudechis rossignolii (Hoser, 2000) Pseudechis weigeli (Wells and Wellington, 1987) Pseudonaja affinis Günther, 1872 Pseudonaja aspidorhyncha (McCoy, 1879) Pseudonaja guttata (Parker, 1926) Pseudonaja inframacula (Waite, 1925) Pseudonaja ingrami (Boulenger, 1908) Pseudonaja mengdeni Wells and Wellington, 1985 Pseudonaja modesta (Günther, 1872) Pseudonaja nuchalis Günther, 1858 Pseudonaja textilis (A. M. C. Duméril, Bibron and A. H. A. Duméril, 1854) Rhinoplocephalus bicolor F. Müller, 1885 Salomonelaps par (Boulenger, 1884) Simoselaps anomalus (Sternfeld, 1919) Simoselaps bertholdi (Jan, 1859) Simoselaps bimaculatus (A. M. C. Duméril, Bibron and A. H. A. Duméril, 1854) Simoselaps littoralis (Storr, 1968) Simoselaps minimus (Worrell, 1960) Suta fasciata (Rosén, 1905) Suta ordensis (Storr, 1984) Suta punctata (Boulenger, 1896) Suta suta (W. C. H. Peters, 1863) Thalassophis anomalus P. Schmidt, 1852 Toxicocalamus buergersi (Sternfeld, 1913) Toxicocalamus ernstmayri O'Shea, Parker and Kaiser, 2015 Toxicocalamus grandis (Boulenger, 1914) Toxicocalamus holopelturus McDowell, 1969 Toxicocalamus longissimus Boulenger, 1896 Toxicocalamus loriae (Boulenger, 1898) Toxicocalamus mintoni Kraus, 2009 Toxicocalamus misimae McDowell, 1969 Toxicocalamus pachysomus Kraus, 2009 Toxicocalamus preussi (Sternfeld, 1913) Toxicocalamus spilolepidotus McDowell, 1969 Toxicocalamus stanleyanus Boulenger, 1903 Tropidechis carinatus (Krefft, 1863) Vermicella annulata (Gray in Gray, 1841) Vermicella intermedia Keogh and S. A. Smith, 1996 Vermicella multifasciata (Longman, 1915) Vermicella snelli Storr, 1968 Vermicella vermiformis Keogh and S. A. Smith, 1996
Podvrste
Acanthophis antarcticus antarcticus (Shaw and Nodder, 1802) Acanthophis antarcticus schistos Wells and Wellington, 1985 Acanthophis wellsi donnellani Hoser, 2002 Acanthophis wellsi wellsi Hoser, 1998 Aspidomorphus muelleri interruptus Brongersma, 1934 Aspidomorphus muelleri lineatus Brongersma, 1934 Aspidomorphus muelleri muelleri (Schlegel, 1837) Brachyurophis fasciolatus fasciatus (Stirling and Zietz, 1893) Brachyurophis fasciolatus fasciolatus (Günther, 1872) Brachyurophis semifasciatus semifasciatus Günther, 1863 Brachyurophis semifasciatus woodjonesii (Thomson, 1934) Demansia papuensis melaena Storr, 1978 Demansia papuensis papuensis (Macleay, 1877) Demansia psammophis cupreiceps Storr, 1978 Demansia psammophis psammophis (Schlegel, 1837) Hydrophis caerulescens caerulescens (Shaw, 1802) Hydrophis caerulescens hybridus Schlegel, 1844 Hydrophis jerdonii jerdonii (Gray, 1849) Hydrophis jerdonii siamensis (M. A. Smith, 1926) Hydrophis ornatus godeffroyi W. C. H. Peters, 1873 Hydrophis ornatus maresinensis Mittleman, 1947 Hydrophis ornatus ornatus (Gray, 1842) Hydrophis torquatus aagaardi M. A. Smith, 1920 Hydrophis torquatus diadema Günther, 1864 Hydrophis torquatus torquatus Günther, 1864 Micropechis ikaheca fasciatus (Fischer, 1884) Micropechis ikaheca ikaheca (Lesson in Duperrey, 1829) Notechis scutatus occidentalis Glauert, 1948 Notechis scutatus scutatus (W. C. H. Peters, 1861) Oxyuranus scutellatus canni Slater, 1956 Oxyuranus scutellatus scutellatus (W. C. H. Peters, 1867) Parasuta spectabilis bushi (Storr, 1988) Parasuta spectabilis nullarbor (Storr, 1981) Parasuta spectabilis spectabilis (Krefft, 1869) Pseudonaja affinis affinis Günther, 1872 Pseudonaja affinis exilis Storr, 1989 Pseudonaja affinis tanneri Worrell, 1961 Pseudonaja textilis pughi Hoser, 2003 Pseudonaja textilis textilis (A. M. C. Duméril, Bibron and A. H. A. Duméril, 1854) Toxicocalamus preussi angusticinctus (Bogert and Matalas, 1945) Toxicocalamus preussi preussi (Sternfeld, 1913)
Reference
Literatura
Graham JB, Lowell WR, Rubinoff I, Motta J. 1987. Surface and subsurface swimming of the sea snake Pelamis platurus . J. exp. Biol. 127, 27-44. PDF at the [Journal of Experimental Biology]. Accessed 7 August 2007.
Rasmussen AR. 1997. Systematics of sea snakes; a critical review. Symp. Zool. Soc. London 70, 15-30.
Smith MA. 1926. Monograph of the sea snakes (Hydrophiidae). British Museum of Natural History, London.
Voris HK. 1977. A phylogeny of the sea snakes (Hydrophiidae). Fieldiana Zool. 70, 79-169.
Whitaker R. 1978. Common Indian Snakes: A Field Guide. Macmillan India Limited.
