Formiranje zvezda

Formiranje zvezda je proces putem koga guste oblasti unutar molekularnih oblaka u međuzvezdanom prostoru, koje se ponekad nazivaju „zvezdanim rasadnicima” ili „regionima formiranja zvezda”, kolapsiraju i formiraju zvezde.[1] Kao grana astronomije, formiranje zvezda obuhvata proučavanje međuzvezdanog medija (ISM) i gigantskih molekularnih oblaka (GMC) kao prekurzora procesa formiranja zvezda i proučavanje protozvezda i mladih zvezdanih objekata kao neposrednih proizvoda. Formiranje zvezda je usko povezano sa formacijom planeta, još jednom granom astronomije. Teorija formiranja zvezda, kao i razmatranje formiranja pojedinačne zvezde, takođe moraju da uzmu u obzir statistiku binarnih zvezda i funkciju početne mase. Većina zvezda se ne formira izolovano, već kao deo grupe zvezda koja se naziva zvezdani klaster ili stelarna asocijacija.[2]

Zvezdani rasadnici

Slika Teleskop Habla poznata kao Stubovi stvaranja, gde se zvezde formiraju u maglici Orao
Formiranje galaksije u ranom svemiru.[3]

Međuzvezdani oblaci

Spiralna galaksija poput Mlečnog puta sadrži zvezde, zvezdane ostatke i difuzni međuzvezdani medijum (ISM) od gasa i prašine. Međuzvezdani medijum se sastoji od 10-4 do 106 čestica po cm3 i tipično se sastoji od oko 70% masenih procenta vodonika, pri čemu najveći deo preostalog gasa helijum. Ovaj medijum je hemijski obogaćen tragovima težih elemenata koji su izbačeni iz zvezda koje su premašile kraj njihovog životnog veka u glavnom nizu. Regioni veće gustine međuzvezdane sredine formiraju oblake ili difuzne magline,[4] gde se formiraju zvezde.[5] Za razliku od spirala, eliptična galaksija gubi hladnu komponentu svog međuzvezdanog medija za oko milijardu godina, što sprečava galaksiju da formira difuzne magline osim putem spajanja sa drugim galaksijama.[6]

U gustim maglinama gde se formiraju zvezde, veliki deo vodonika je u molekularnoj (H2) formi, tako da se ove magline nazivaju molekularnim oblacima.[5] Zapažanja pokazuju da najhladniji oblaci imaju tendenciju da formiraju zvezde male mase, najpre uočene u infracrvenom opsegu unutar oblaka, zatim u vidljivoj svetlosti na njihovoj površini kada se oblaci rasprše, dok gigantski molekularni oblaci, koji su generalno topliji, proizvode zvezde svih masa.[7] Ovi gigantski molekularni oblaci imaju tipičnu gustinu od 100 čestica po cm³, prečnike 100 ly (9,5×1014 km), mase do 6 miliona solarnih masa (M),[8] i prosečne unutrašnje temperature od 10 K Oko polovine ukupne mase galaktičkog ISM-a se nalazi u molekularnim oblacima,[9] i u Mlečnom putu se procenjuje da postoji oko 6.000 molekularnih oblaka, svaki sa više od 100,000 M.[10] Najbliža maglina Suncu gde se formiraju masivne zvezde je maglina Orion, udaljena 1.300 ly (1,2×1016 km).[11] Međutim, formiranje zvezda niže mase se događa na rastojanju od oko 400–450 svetlosnih godina kompleksu oblaka ρ Ofiuči.[12]

Kompaktnije mesto formiranja zvezda su neprozirni oblaci gustog gasa i prašine poznati kao Bokove globule, nazvane po astronomu Bartu Boku. One se mogu formirati u kontekstu kolapsa molekularnih oblaka ili možda nezavisno.[13] Bokove globule su obično imaju do jedne svetlosne godine popreko i sadrže nekoliko solarnih masa.[14] One se mogu uočiti kao silute tamnih oblaka koje se ocrtavaju na svetloj emisionoj maglini ili pozadinskim zvezdama. Utvrđeno je da više od pola poznatih Bokovih globula sadrži novonastale zvezde.[15]

Reference

  1. ^ Stahler, S. W. & Palla, F. (2004). The Formation of Stars. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. ISBN 3-527-40559-3. 
  2. ^ Lada, Charles J.; Lada, Elizabeth A. (1. 9. 2003). „Embedded Clusters in Molecular Clouds”. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 41 (1): 57—115. ISSN 0066-4146. arXiv:astro-ph/0301540Слободан приступ. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.41.011802.094844. 
  3. ^ „ALMA Witnesses Assembly of Galaxies in the Early Universe for the First Time”. Приступљено 23. 7. 2015. 
  4. ^ O'Dell, C. R. „Nebula”. World Book at NASA. World Book, Inc. Архивирано из оригинала 29. 4. 2005. г. Приступљено 18. 5. 2009. 
  5. ^ а б Prialnik, Dina (2000). An Introduction to the Theory of Stellar Structure and Evolution. Cambridge University Press. 195—212. ISBN 0-521-65065-8. 
  6. ^ Dupraz, C.; Casoli, F. (1990-06-04). „The Fate of the Molecular Gas from Mergers to Ellipticals”. Dynamics of Galaxies and Their Molecular Cloud Distributions: Proceedings of the 146th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union. Paris, France: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Bibcode:1991IAUS..146..373D. 
  7. ^ Lequeux, James (2013). Birth, Evolution and Death of Stars. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-4508-77-3. 
  8. ^ Williams, J. P.; Blitz, L.; McKee, C. F. (2000). „The Structure and Evolution of Molecular Clouds: from Clumps to Cores to the IMF”. Protostars and Planets IV. стр. 97. Bibcode:2000prpl.conf...97W. arXiv:astro-ph/9902246Слободан приступ. 
  9. ^ Alves, J.; Lada, C.; Lada, E. (2001). Tracing H2 Via Infrared Dust Extinction. Cambridge University Press. стр. 217. ISBN 0-521-78224-4. 
  10. ^ Sanders, D. B.; Scoville, N. Z.; Solomon, P. M. (1. 2. 1985). „Giant molecular clouds in the Galaxy. II – Characteristics of discrete features”. Astrophysical Journal, Part 1. 289: 373—387. Bibcode:1985ApJ...289..373S. doi:10.1086/162897. 
  11. ^ Sandstrom, Karin M.; Peek, J. E. G.; Bower, Geoffrey C.; Bolatto, Alberto D.; Plambeck, Richard L. (2007). „A Parallactic Distance of Parsecs to the Orion Nebula Cluster from Very Long Baseline Array Observations”. The Astrophysical Journal. 667 (2): 1161. Bibcode:2007ApJ...667.1161S. arXiv:0706.2361Слободан приступ. doi:10.1086/520922. 
  12. ^ Wilking, B. A.; Gagné, M.; Allen, L. E. (2008). „Star Formation in the ρ Ophiuchi Molecular Cloud”. Ур.: Bo Reipurth. Handbook of Star Forming Regions, Volume II: The Southern Sky ASP Monograph Publications. Bibcode:2008hsf2.book..351W. arXiv:0811.0005Слободан приступ. 
  13. ^ Khanzadyan, T.; Smith, M. D.; Gredel, R.; Stanke, T.; Davis, C. J. (februar 2002). „Active star formation in the large Bok globule CB 34”. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 383 (2): 502—518. Bibcode:2002A&A...383..502K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011531. 
  14. ^ Hartmann, Lee (2000). Accretion Processes in Star Formation. Cambridge University Press. стр. 4. ISBN 0-521-78520-0. 
  15. ^ Smith, Michael David (2004). The Origin of Stars. Imperial College Press. стр. 43–44. ISBN 1-86094-501-5. 

Literatura

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