Stredná voľná dráha

Voľná dráha modrej častice je vzdialenosť od zrážky s prvou čiernou časticou po najbližšiu zrážku s druhou časticou.

Stredná voľná dráha[1] je vo fyzike priemerná hodnota všetkých voľných dráh všetkých častíc (molekúl) plynu. Voľná dráha je vzdialenosť, ktorú prejde častica medzi dvomi kolíziami s inými časticami (od jednej zrážky po druhú zrážku). Stredná voľná dráha sa používa aj pre plazmu a elektrónový plyn.

Ideálny plyn

Pri ideálnom plyne si definujeme priemer molekuly (častice) d [m], tepolotu plynu T [K], tlak p [Pa], a vypočítame strednú voľnú dráhu [m]:[1]

Pri čom kB je Boltzmannova konštanta.

Dráhu dlhšiu, ako je stredná voľná dráha, dosiahne menej ako 1/3 všetkých častíc.[1]

Reálny plyn

Pri reálnom plyne sa molekuly nesprávajú dokonalo pružne a pôsobia medzi nimi aj príťažlivé a odpudivé sily. Preto sa výpočet robí pomocou empirických hodnôt, napr. s použitím Sutherlandovho vzorca.[2]

Stredná voľná dráha vo vzduchu

Nasledujúca tabuľka uvádza niektoré typické hodnoty strednej voľnej dráhy pre vzduch pri rôznych tlakoch a pri izbovej teplote.

Tlak vzduchu Tlak v mbar Tlak vo výške ortuťového stĺpca mmHg (Torr) Počet molekúl / cm3 Počet molekúl / m3 Stredná voľná dráha
Normálny tlak 1013 759.8 2.7 × 1019 2.7 × 1025 68 nm[3]
Nízke vákuum 300 – 1 220 – 8×10−1 1019 – 1016 1025 – 1022 0.1 – 100 μm
Stredné vákuum 1 – 10−3 8×10−1 – 8×10−4 1016 – 1013 1022 – 1019 0.1 – 100 mm
Vysoké vákuum 10−3 – 10−7 8×10−4 – 8×10−8 1013 – 109 1019 – 1015 10 cm – 1 km
Ultravysoké vákuum 10−7 – 10−12 8×10−8 – 8×10−13 109 – 104 1015 – 1010 1 km – 105 km
Extrémne vysoké vákuum <10−12 <8×10−13 <104 <1010 >105 km

Referencie

  1. a b c KINETICKÁ TEÓRIA PLYNOV A TERMODYNAMIKA, BALLO, Peter. Stredná voľná dráha [online]. kf-lin.elf.stuba.sk, [cit. 2021-10-27]. Dostupné online.
  2. Průvodce kurzy z fyziky, Střední volná dráha [online]. physics.mff.cuni.cz, [cit. 2021-10-27]. Dostupné online.
  3. The mean free path in air. Journal of Aerosol Science, 1988, s. 159. DOI10.1016/0021-8502(88)90219-4.

Pozri aj

Tento článok je čiastočný alebo úplný preklad článku Mean free path na anglickej Wikipédii.

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