Norwegian Sea

The Vestfjorden with the mountains of the Lofoten archipelago seen from Løvøy Island in Steigen. Vågakaillen (942 m) is the taller of the two peaks in the centre of the image.

The Norwegian Sea is a marginal sea in the North Atlantic Ocean, northwest of Norway. It is between the North Sea and the Greenland Sea. It joins the North Atlantic Ocean to the west and the Barents Sea to the northeast.^[1][2] In the southwest, it is separated from the Atlantic Ocean by a submarine ridge running between Iceland and the Faroe Islands. To the North, the Jan Mayen Ridge separates it from the Greenland Sea.

Unlike many other seas, most of the bottom of the Norwegian Sea is not part of a continental shelf. It is at a great depth of about two kilometres on average. Rich deposits of oil and natural gas are found under the sea bottom and are being explored commercially. The coastal zones are rich in fish that visit the Norwegian Sea from the North Atlantic for spawning. The warm North Atlantic Current gives stable and high water temperatures, so that unlike the Arctic seas, the Norwegian Sea is ice-free throughout the year.

Phytoplankton bloom in the Norwegian Sea.

Flora and fauna

The Norwegian Sea is a transition zone between boreal and Arctic conditions. It has flora and fauna of both regions.^[3] The southern limit of many Arctic species runs through the North Cape, Iceland, and the center of the Norwegian Sea. The northern limit of boreal species is near the borders of the Greenland Sea with the Norwegian Sea and Barents Sea. These areas overlap. Some species like the scallop Chlamys islandica and capelin tend to live in this area between the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans.^[4]

Plankton and sea bottom organisms

Most of the aquatic life in the Norwegian Sea is in the upper layers. Estimates for the entire North Atlantic are that only 2% of biomass is at depths below 1,000 metres and only 1.2% occurs near the sea floor.^[5]

The blooming of the phytoplankton is dominated by chlorophyll and peaks around 20 May. The major phytoplankton forms are diatoms, in particular the genus Thalassiosira and Chaetoceros. After the spring bloom the haptophytes of the genus Phaecocystis pouchetti become dominant.^[6]

Zooplankton is mostly copepods Calanus finmarchicus and Calanus hyperboreus. C. hyperboreus is strongest in the Arctic waters.^[6] They are the main diet of most marine predators.^[4] The most important krill species are Meganyctiphanes norvegica, Thyssanoessa inermis, and Thyssanoessa longicaudata.^[6] In contrast to the Greenland Sea, there are a lot of calcareous plankton (Coccolithophore and Globigerinida).^[5]

Shrimp of the species Pandalus borealis play an important role in the diet of fish, particularly cod and blue whiting. A special feature of the Norwegian Sea is large coral reefs of Lophelia pertusa, which provide shelter to various fish species.

Fish

Herring

The Norwegian coastal waters are the most important spawning ground of the herring populations of the North Atlantic, and the hatching occurs in March. The eggs float to the surface and are washed off the coast by the northward current. Whereas a small herring population remains in the fjords and along the northern Norwegian coast, the majority spends the summer in the Barents Sea, where it feeds on the rich plankton. Upon reaching puberty, herring returns to the Norwegian Sea.^[7] The herring stock varies greatly between years. It increased in the 1920s owing to the milder climate and then collapsed in the following decades until 1970; the decrease was, however, at least partly caused by overfishing.^[8] The biomass of young hatched herring declined from 11 million tonnes in 1956 to almost zero in 1970;^[4] that affected the ecosystem not only of the Norwegian Sea but also of the Barents Sea.^[9]

Capelin is a common fish of the Atlantic-arctic transitional waters

Enforcement of environmental and fishing regulations has resulted in partial recovery of the herring populations since 1987.^[4][8] This recovery was accompanied by a decline of capelin and cod stocks. While the capelin benefited from the reduced fishing, the temperature rise in the 1980s and competition for food with the herring resulted in a near disappearance of young capelin from the Norwegian Sea.^[10] Meanwhile, the elderly capelin population was quickly fished out. This also reduced the population of cod – a major predator of capelin – as the herring was still too small in numbers to replace the capelin in the cod's diet.^[10][11]

Blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) has benefited from the decline of the herring and capelin stocks as it assumed the role of major predator of plankton. The blue whiting spawns near the British Isles. The sea currents carry their eggs to the Norwegian Sea, and the adults also swim there in order to benefit from the food supply. The young spend the summer and the winter until February in Norwegian coastal waters and then return to the warmer waters west of Scotland.^[3] The Norwegian Arctic cod mostly occurs in the Barents Sea and at the Svalbard Archipelago. In the rest of the Norwegian Sea, it is found only during the reproduction season, at the Lofoten Islands,^[7] whereas Pollachius virens and haddock spawn in the coastal waters.^[3] Mackerel is an important commercial fish. The coral reefs are populated by different species of the genus Sebastes.^[6]

Mammals and birds

Armhook squid Gonatus fabricii

Large numbers of minke, humpback, sei, and orca whales are present in the Norwegian Sea.^[12] White-beaked dolphins are in the coastal waters.^[13] Orcas and some other whales visit the sea in the summer months for feeding. They follow the herring schools within the sea.^[6] With a total population of about 110,000, minke whales are by far the most common whales in the sea. They are hunted by Norway and Iceland, with a quota of about 1,000 per year in Norway. In contrast to the past, mostly they are hunted for their meat, rather than fat and oil.^[14]

The bowhead whale used to be in the area. It almost disappeared from the Norwegian Sea after intense whaling in the 19th century,^[4] and was temporarily extinct in the entire North Atlantic. Similarly, the blue whale used to form large groups between Jan Mayen and Spitsbergen, but is hardly present nowadays.^[15] Seeing northern bottlenose whales in the Norwegian Sea is rare.^[16] Other large animals of the sea are hooded and harp seals and squid.^[4]

Important waterfowl species of the Norwegian Sea are puffin, kittiwake and guillemot.

References

1. Norwegian Sea, Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian)
2. Norwegian Sea, Encyclopædia Britannica on-line
3. Blindheim, 1989, pp. 366–382
4. Skreslet & NATO, 2005, pp. 103–114
5. Andrea Schröder-Ritzrau et al., Distribution, export and alteration of plankton in the Norwegian Sea Fossiliziable. Schaefer, 2001, pp. 81–104
6. ICES, 2007, pp. 5–8
7. Blindheim, 1989, pp. 382–401
8. Wefer, Gerold; Lamy, Frank (2003). Marine Science Frontiers for Europe. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 32–35. ISBN 978-3-540-40168-1.
9. Stokke, Olav Schram (2001). Governing High Seas Fisheries: The Interplay of Global and Regional Regimes. Oxford University Press on Demand. p. 241. ISBN 978-0-19-829949-3.
10. Helfman, Gene S. (2007). Fish Conservation: A Guide to Understanding and Restoring Global Aquatic Biodiversity and Fishery Resources. Island Press. p. 321. ISBN 978-1-55963-595-0.
11. Sustaining Marine Fisheries. National Academies Press. 1999. p. 46. ISBN 0-309-05526-1. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
12. Erich Hoyt: Marine Protected Areas for Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises Earthscan, 2005 ISBN 978-1-84407-063-3, pp. 120–128
13. Klinowska, 1991, p. 138
14. "Norway.org.uk. Norwegian minke whaling". Archived from the original on 2006-10-01. Retrieved 2012-06-10.
15. Johnson, 1982, pp. 95–101
16. Klinowska, 1991, p. 320

Other websites

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