Ardern was elected Deputy Leader of the Labour Party on 1 March 2017, after the resignation of Annette King. Just five months later, after Labour's leader Andrew Little resignation, Ardern was elected as party leader.[6] She led her party to win 14 seats at the 2017 general election on 23 September, winning 46 seats to the National Party's 56.[7] After working with New Zealand First, a minority coalition government with Labour and New Zealand First was formed, supported by the Green Party. Ardern became Prime Minister and she was sworn in by the governor-general on 26 October 2017.[8] She became the world's youngest female head of government at age 37.[9] Ardern later became the world's second elected head of government to give birth while in office when her daughter was born in June 2018.[10]
In January 2023, Ardern announced she would resign as Labour leader and prime minister within a few weeks.[13] She left office on 25 January and was replaced by Chris Hipkins.[14]
Early life
Ardern was born in Hamilton, New Zealand,[15] and grew up as a Mormon.[16][17] She was raised in Morrinsville and Murupara, where her father, Ross Ardern, worked as a police officer.[18] Her mother, Laurell Ardern (née Bottomley), worked as a school catering assistant.[19][20] She studied at Morrinsville College,[21] where she was the student representative on the school's board.[22] She later went to the University of Waikato, graduating in 2001 with a Bachelor of Communication Studies (BCS) in politics and public relations.[23]
Ardern became interested in politics because her aunt asked her to help her with campaigning for New Plymouth MP Harry Duynhoven during his re-election campaign at the 1999 general election.[24]
Ardern joined the Labour Party at the age of 17 and became a senior figure in the Young Labour party of the party.[25] After graduating from university, she spent time working in the offices of Phil Goff and of Helen Clark as a researcher.[23] She volunteered at a soup kitchen in New York City in the United States[26] and worked on a workers' rights campaign.[27] Ardern moved to London, England where she became a senior policy adviser for British prime minister Tony Blair.[4][28] Ardern also worked at the Home Office to help with a review of policing in England and Wales.[23]
Ahead of the 2008 election, Ardern was ranked 20th on Labour's party list.[29] She would soon return from London to campaign full-time for a seat in the New Zealand Parliament.[30] She also became Labour's candidate for the safe National electorate of Waikato. Ardern lost the election, but entered Parliament as a list MP because of her high ranking in the party list.[29] She became the youngest sitting MP in Parliament.[31]
Ardern ran for the parliament seat of Auckland Central for Labour in the 2011 general election, running against incumbent National MP Nikki Kaye for National and Greens candidate Denise Roche.[34] She lost to Kaye by 717 votes.[34] However, she returned to Parliament because of her party list ranking, on which she was ranked 13th.[34][35]
After Goff resigned from the Party leadership, Ardern supported David Shearer for party leader.[32] She was promoted to the fourth-ranking position in his Shadow Cabinet on 19 December 2011, becoming a spokesperson for social development under the new leader.[32] Ardern ran again in Auckland Central at the 2014 general election.[36] She again finished second, but increased her own vote and lowered Kaye's majority from 717 to 600.[36] She was soon ranked 5th on Labour's list and because of this, Ardern still returned to Parliament where she became Shadow spokesperson for Justice, Children, Small Business, and Arts & Culture under new leader Andrew Little.[37]
On 1 August 2017, just seven weeks before the 2017 general election, Ardern became Leader of the Labour Party and also Opposition Leader, after the resignation of Andrew Little.[47][46] Ardern was confirmed in an election to choose a new leader at a meeting the same day.[46] At 37, Ardern became the youngest leader of the Labour Party in its history.[16] She is also the second female leader of the party after Helen Clark.[48] At first, Little had talked to Ardern on 26 July and said he thought she should take over as Labour leader.[49] Ardern said no and told him to remain as leader.[49]
At her first press conference after her election as leader, she said that the upcoming election campaign would be positive.[25] After her appointment, the party had a large amount of public campagin donations, reaching NZ$700 per minute at its highest.[50] When Ardern became party leader, Labour rose in opinion polls.[49] By late August the party had reached 43 per cent as well as beating the National Party in opinion polls for the first time in over a decade.[49] Critics said that her ideas were similar to Andrew Little's and believed that Labour's sudden increase in popularity was because of her youth and good looks.[16]
In mid-August 2017, Ardern said that a Labour government would create a tax working group to look for the chance of increasing taxes for the wealthy and lowering them for middle-class working families.[51][52] This idea became unpopular and Ardern said that her tax plan would not be pushed in a first term of Labour government.[53][54] Minister of Finance Steven Joyce found that the Labour Party had problems in its $11.7 billion budget.[55][56]
The Labour and Green parties' proposed water and pollution taxes also became unpopular from farmers.[57] On 18 September 2017, farmers and lobbyists protested against the taxes in Ardern's hometown of Morrinsville.[58][57] During the protest, one farmer had a sign calling Ardern a "pretty Communist".[58] This was criticised as sexist by former Prime Minister Helen Clark.[58]
In the final days of the general election campaign, the National Party took a slight lead over the Labour Party.[59]
In the 2017 general election held on 23 September 2017, Ardern was re-elected to her Mount Albert electorate seat by 15,264 votes.[60] Preliminary results from the general election showed that Labour received 35.79 per cent of the party vote to National's 46.03 per cent.[61][62] After more votes were counted, Labour increased its votes to 36.89% while National dropped back to 44.45%.[63] Labour gained 14 seats, increasing its parliamentary representation to 46 seats.[63] This was the best result for the party since losing power in 2008.[63]
After the election, Ardern and Deputy Leader Kelvin Davis began talks with the Greens and New Zealand First parties about forming a coalition against National Party which did not haven enough seats for a majority.[63][64][65] On 19 October 2017, New Zealand First leader Winston Peters agreed to form a coalition with Labour,[8] making Ardern the next Prime Minister.[66][67] The Green Party also supported the coalition.[68] Ardern named Peters as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs.[69] She also gave New Zealand First five posts in her government, with Peters and three other ministers in her Cabinet.[69][70]
On 19 January 2018, Ardern announced that she was pregnant, and that Winston Peters would become acting Prime minister for six weeks after the birth.[77] Following the birth of a daughter, she took her maternity leave from 21 June to 2 August 2018.[78][79][80]
Domestic policies
Ardern focused on cutting child poverty in New Zealand by half within a ten years.[81] In July 2018, Ardern announced the start of her government's flagship Families Package.[82] The package would increase paid parental leave to 26 weeks and introduced a $60 per-week universal BestStart Payment for low and middle-income families with young children.[83] In 2019, the government a school lunches pilot programme to help cut child poverty numbers.[84] She also increased welfare benefits by $25,[85] expanding free doctor's visits and giving free menstrualhygiene products in schools.[86]
Ardern in January 2018
Ardern's government added increases to the country's minimum wage over a period of time.[87][88] Her government also cancelled the National Party's planned tax cuts, saying instead it would focus on healthcare and education.[89] The first year of post-secondary education was made free on 1 January 2018 and the government agreed to increase primary teachers' pay by 12.8 (for beginning teachers) and 18.5 per cent by 2021.[90] Even thought the Labour Party campaigned on a capital gains tax for the last three elections, Ardern promised in April 2019 that the government would not pass a capital gains tax under her leadership.[91][92]
On 2 February 2018, Ardern went to Waitangi for the annual Waitangi Day commemoration and she stayed in Waitangi for five days.[93] Ardern became the first female Prime Minister to speak from the top marae.[93] Her visit was popular among Māori leaders, with commentators seeing the difference between her performance to the Prime Ministers before her.[93][94]
In September 2019, she was criticised for her handling of an allegation of sexual assault against a Labour Party staffer.[95] Ardern said she had been told the allegation did not involve sexual assault or violence before a report about the incident was published in The Spinoff on 9 September.[95] Many did not believe this as one journalist found that Ardern's claim was hard to believe.[96][97]
Ardern does not support putting people who use cannabis in prison and promised to hold a referendum on the issue.[98] A non-binding referendum to legalise cannabis was held at the same time of the 2020 general election.[99] Ardern said she used cannabis when she was young during a televised debate before the election.[99] In the referendum, voters did not support the proposed cannabis legalisation and many found that Ardern not supporting the 'yes' campaign may have caused the legalisation's defeat.[100]
Foreign policies
Ardern with U.S. President Donald Trump, September 2019
On 5 November 2017, Ardern made her first official trip to Australia, where she met Australian Prime MinisterMalcolm Turnbull for the first time.[101] Relations between the two countries had not been good because of Australia's treatment of New Zealanders living in the country, and shortly before taking office.[101] Turnbull promised to work with Ardern and not have their political beliefs in the way.[102]
On 24 September 2018, Ardern became the first female head of government to go to the United Nations General Assembly meeting with her baby present.[107][108] Her address to the General Assembly on 27 September had positive support from the United Nations where she talked about climate change, for the equality of women, and for kindness.[109]
On 23 September 2019, at a United Nations summit in New York City, Ardern had her first formal meeting with U.S. President Donald Trump.[114] She said that Trump was interested in New Zealand's gun buyback policy.[114][115]
On 28 February 2020, Ardern criticised Australia's policy of deporting New Zealanders, many of which had lived in Australia but had not become Australian citizens.[116][117][118]
On 15 March 2019, 51 people were fatally shot and 49 injured in two mosques in Christchurch.[121] In a statement broadcast on television, Ardern said that the shootings had been carried out by suspects with "extremist views" that have no place in New Zealand, or anywhere else in the world.[122] She also called it as a well-planned terrorist attack.[121]
She announced a time of national mourning and created a national condolence book that she opened in the capital, Wellington.[123] She also travelled to Christchurch to meet first responders and families of the victims.[124] In an address at the Parliament, she said that she would never say the name of the attacker: "Speak the names of those who were lost rather than the name of the man who took them ... he will, when I speak, be nameless".[125] Ardern became popular in the country and the world for her response to the shootings.[126][127][128][129] A photograph of her hugging a member of the Christchurch Muslim community with the word "peace" in English and Arabic was projected onto the Burj Khalifa.[130] A 25-metre (82 ft) mural of this photograph was opened in May 2019.[131]
In response to the shootings, Ardern said her government's plans to create stricter gun laws.[132] She said that the attack had shown many weaknesses in New Zealand's gun law.[133] On 10 April 2019, less than one month after the attack, the New Zealand Parliament passed a law that bans most semiautomatic weapons and assault rifles, parts that turn guns into semiautomatic guns, and higher capacity magazines.[134]
Ardern's COVID-19 restrictions caused the country to have low numbers of deaths and infected cases and even be "eliminated" in the country[136]
On 14 March 2020, Ardern announced the government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand.[137] She said that the government would be requiring anyone entering the country from midnight 15 March to isolate themselves for 14 days.[137] She said the new rules will make it harder for people to travel to the country.[138] On 19 March, Ardern said that New Zealand's borders would be closed to all non-citizens and non-permanent residents, after 11:59 pm on 20 March (NZDT).[139] Ardern announced that New Zealand would move to a nationwide lockdown, at 11:59 pm on 25 March.[140]
National and international media had positive responses about her leadership and quick response to the outbreak in New Zealand.[141][142]The Washington Post said her interviews, press conferences and social media is an example of what a leader should do.[143] In mid-April 2020, two people sued Ardern and other government officials, saying that the lockdown limited their freedoms and was made for political reasons.[144] The lawsuit was dismissed.[145]
On 5 May 2020, Ardern and Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison announced plans to create a trans-Tasman COVID-safe travel zone that would allow residents from both countries to travel freely without travel restrictions.[146][147]
Opinion polls showed the Labour Party with nearly 60 per cent support.[148][149] In May 2020, 59.5 per cent of citizens found Ardern as "preferred prime minister".[150][151]
In the 2020 general election, Ardern led her party to a landslide victory.[152] Her party won an overall majority of 65 seats in the 120-seat House of Representatives, and 50 per cent of the party vote.[153] She was also re-elected to her seat on the Mount Albert electorate by 21,246 votes.[154][155] Ardern said her landslide victory was because of her response to the COVID-19 pandemic and the economic impacts it has had.[156]
On 2 December 2020, Ardern declared a climate change emergency in New Zealand and promised that the country would be carbon neutral by 2025 in a parliamentary motion.[157] She said that the public will be required to buy only electric or hybrid vehicles.[157] This was supported by the Labour, Green, and Māori parties but was opposed by the opposition National and ACT parties.[157][158]
In response to the housing affordability issues, Ardern proposed the removal of the interest rate tax-deduction, lifting Housing Aid for first home buyers, giving away infrastructure funds and expand the Bright Line Test from five to ten years.[159][160]
On 14 June 2021, Ardern said that the New Zealand Government would apologise for the Dawn Raids.[161][162] She formally apologised for the raids in August 2021.[163]
COVID-19 pandemic
On 12 December 2020, Prime Minister Ardern and Cook Islands Prime MinisterMark Brown announced that a travel route between New Zealand and the Cook Islands would be created in 2021.[164] It would allow a two-way quarantine-free travel between the two countries.[164] On 14 December, Prime Minister Ardern confirmed that the New Zealand and Australian Governments had agreed to create a travel route between the two countries the following year.[165] On 17 December, Ardern also announced that the government had bought two more COVID-19 vaccines from the pharmaceutical companies AstraZeneca and Novavax for New Zealand and its Pacific partners.[166]
On 26 January 2021, Ardern stated that New Zealand's borders would remain closed to most non-citizens and non-residents until New Zealand citizens have been "vaccinated and protected".[167] A month later, her government created a vaccination programme.[168] In August 2021, after one person tested positive for the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant, the country went under lockdown again.[169]
On 29 January 2022, Ardern went into self-isolation after she had contact with someone who tested COVID positive on a flight to Auckland.[170]Goveror-GeneralCindy Kiro and chief press secretary Andrew Campbell, who were on board the same flight, also went into self-isolation.[170]
On 14 May 2022, Ardern tested positive for COVID-19.[171] Her partner Gayford had tested positive for COVID-19 several days earlier on 8 May.[172]
Foreign affairs
Ardern delivers a speech virtually at the Singapore FinTech Festival, December 2020
In early December 2020, Ardern showed support for Australia during an issue between Canberra and Beijing over Chinese Foreign Ministry official Zhao Lijian's Twitter post saying that Australia had committed war crimes against Afghans.[173] She described the image as not being correct, adding that the New Zealand Government would raise its concerns with the Chinese Government.[173][174]
On 16 February 2021, Prime Minister Ardern criticised the Australian Government's decision to remove dual New Zealand–Australian national and ISISbrideSuhayra Aden's Australian citizenship.[175] Aden had migrated from New Zealand to Australia at the age of six and became an Australian citizen.[175] In response, Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison defended the decision to take away Aden's citizenship, saying legislation removing dual nationals of their Australian citizenship if they were engaged in terrorist activities.[175][176][177] After a phone conversation, the two leaders agreed to work together to fix the issues Ardern had said.[178]
In response to the 2021 Israel-Palestine crisis, Ardern said on 17 May that New Zealand "condemned both the rocket fire we have seen from Hamas" and "a response that has gone well beyond self-defence on both sides".[179] She also said that Israel had the right to exist but Palestinians also had a right to a peaceful and safe home.[179]
In late June 2022, Ardern went to the NATO's Leader Summit.[183] This was the first time that New Zealand had formally addressed a NATO event.[183] During her speech, she talked about New Zealand's promise for peace and human rights.[183] Ardern also criticised China and Russia for human rights issues and military actions.[183][184]
Resignation
On 19 January 2023, Ardern announced she would resign as Labour leader and prime minister before 7 February.[13] She said the reason for her resignation was to spend more time with her family.[185] Her announcement was a surprise because a few months ago she said she would lead the Labour party into the 2023 general election.[186] In some opinion polls, Ardern's popularity had reached all-time lows in the past few months.[185]
On 22 January 2023, Chris Hipkins was elected as her replacement.[187] At Ardern's final event as Prime Minister, she said her work as the Prime Minister was the "greatest privilege" and that she loved the country and its people.[188] She officially left office on 25 January 2023 when Hipkins was sworn-in as prime minister.[14]
Popularity
When she became Labour Party leader, Ardern had positive coverage from the media, including international medias such as CNN,[189] with many calling it the 'Jacinda effect' and 'Jacindamania'.[190][191]
Ardern with a supporter taking a selfie, September 2017
Jacindamania was seen as an important reason behind New Zealand gaining global attention and media influence in many reports.[192] In a 2018 trip, Ardern got a large amount of media attention after delivering a speech at the United Nations in New York City.[193] Many saw her as the "cure to Trumpism".[193] Many saw her as an example against masculine politicians like U.S. President Donald Trump and Russian PresidentVladimir Putin.[194]
Ardern was one of fifteen women selected to appear on the cover of the September 2019 issue of British Vogue, by guest editor Meghan, Duchess of Sussex.[199]Forbes magazine placed her at 38 among the 100 most powerful women in the world in 2019.[200] She was included in the 2019 Time 100 list[201] and was a candidate for Time's 2019 Person of the Year.[202] Many believed that she would win the 2019 Nobel Peace Prize for her handling of the Christchurch mosque shootings.[203] In 2020, she was listed by Prospect as the second-greatest thinker for the COVID-19 era.[204] In 2021, New Zealand zoologist Steven A. Trewick named the flightless wētā species Hemiandrus jacinda in honour of Ardern.[205] A spokesperson for Ardern said that a beetle (Mecodema jacinda), a lichen, and an ant had also been named after her.[206]
In May 2021, Fortune magazine gave Ardern the top spot on their list of world’s greatest leaders, saying her leadership during the COVID-19 pandemic as well as her handling of the Christchurch mosque shootings and the 2019 Whakaari/White Island eruption.[207][208]
Post-political career
On 4 April 2023, Ardern was announced as a trustee of the Earthshot Prize.[209][210] Ardern was for the position by Prince William.[211] That same day, Prime Minister Hipkins named Ardern as Special Envoy for the Christchurch Call.[212] A few weeks later, Ardern accepted dual fellowships at the Harvard Kennedy School for a semester beginning in fall 2023.[213] She also was the 2023 Angelopoulos Global Public Leaders Fellow and a Hauser Leader at the Center for Public Leadership at Harvard.[214]
Ardern's partner is television presenter Clarke Gayford.[235][236] The couple first met in 2012.[237] They did not spend time together until Gayford talked to Ardern about a controversial communications bill.[235] On 3 May 2019, it was reported that Ardern was engaged to be married to Gayford.[238][239] The wedding was planned for January 2022, but she changed the wedding date for a another time because of COVID-19 restrictions.[240][241] They were eventually married in January 2024.[242]
On 19 January 2018, Ardern announced that she was pregnant with her first child, making her New Zealand's first prime minister to be pregnant in office.[243] On 21 June 2018, she gave birth to a girl the same day,[244][245] becoming only the second elected head of government to give birth while in office (after Benazir Bhutto in 1990).[10][245] On 24 June, Ardern revealed her daughter's name as Neve Te Aroha.[246]
Though raised as a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LSD), Ardern left the church in 2005 because the church's views did not support her own political views.[247][248] In January 2017, Ardern said she was agnostic, saying "I can't see myself being a member of an organised religion again".[247] As prime minister in 2019, she met the President of LDS Church, Russell M. Nelson.[249]
↑ 10.010.1Khan, M Ilyas (21 June 2018). "Ardern and Bhutto: Two different pregnancies in power". BBC News. Archived from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018. Now that New Zealand's Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern has hit world headlines by becoming only the second elected head of government to give birth in office, attention has naturally been drawn to the first such leader – Pakistan's late two-time Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto.
↑George, Steve; Berlinger, Joshua; Whiteman, Hilary; Kaur, Harmeet; Westcott, Ben; Wagner, Meg (19 March 2019). "New Zealand mosque terror attacks". CNN. Archived from the original on 18 March 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
↑Trewick, Steven A. (12 March 2021). "A new species of large Hemiandrus ground wētā (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae) from North Island, New Zealand". Zootaxa. 4942 (2): 207–218. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4942.2.4. PMID33757066. S2CID232337351.
↑Satherley, Dan; Owen, Lisa (21 October 2017). "Homelessness proves capitalism is a 'blatant failure' – Jacinda Ardern". Newshub. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017. Asked directly if capitalism had failed low-income Kiwis, Ms. Ardern was unequivocal."If you have hundreds of thousands of children living in homes without enough to survive, that's a blatant failure. What else could you describe it as? [. . .] It all comes down to whether or not you recognize where the market has failed and where intervention is required. Has it failed our people in recent times? Yes.
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