Trombocit faktor 4

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Trombocit faktor 4 (hemokin (C-X-C motif) ligand 4)
PDB prikaz baziran na 1f9q.
Dostupne strukture
1f9q, 1f9r, 1f9s, 1pfm, 1pfn, 1rhp
Identifikatori
Simboli	PF4; CXCL4; MGC138298; SCYB4
Vanjski ID	OMIM: 173460 MGI: 1888711 HomoloGene: 87791 GeneCards: PF4 Gene
Ontologija gena Molekularna funkcija • hemokinska aktivnost • vezivanje heparina Celularna komponenta • ekstracelularni region • ekstracelularni prostor Biološki proces • imunski odgovor • negativna regulacija angiogeneze • citokin i hemokin posredovani signalni put • aktivacija trombocita • hemotaksa leukocita • negativna regulacija diferencijacije megakariocita
Pregled RNK izražavanja
podaci
Ortolozi
Vrsta	Čovek	Miš
Entrez	5196	56744
Ensembl	ENSG00000163737	ENSMUSG00000029373
UniProt	P02776	Q3TVN6
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_002619	NM_019932
RefSeq (protein)	NP_002610	NP_064316
Lokacija (UCSC)	Chr 4: 75.07 - 75.07 Mb	Chr 5: 91.85 - 91.85 Mb
PubMed pretraga	[1]	[2]

Trombocit faktor 4 (PF4), ili hemokin (C-X-C motiv) ligand 4 (CXCL4), je mali citokin iz CXC hemokin familije. Ovaj hemokin se oslobađa iz alfa-granula aktiviranih trombocita u toku trombocit agregacije. On promoviše koagulaciju krvi putem dejstva na heparin-slične molekula. Iz tog razloga, za njega je predviđeno da igra ulogu in zarastanju rana i inflamacija.^[1] Njegova glavna fiziološka uloga je neutralizacija heparin-sličnih molekula na endotelnoj površini krvnih sudova, čime se inhibira lokalna antitrombin III aktivnost i promoviše koagulacija.^[2] On se obično nalazi u kompleksu sa proteoglikanom.^[3]

PF4 je izaziva hemotaksu neutrofila, fibroblasta i monocita, i interaguje sa varijantom hemokin receptora CXCR3, poznatom kao CXCR3B.^[4] Gen za ljudski PF4 je lociran na ljudskom hromozomu 4.^[5]

Heparin:PF4 kompleks je antigen u heparin-indukovanoj trombocitopeniji, idiosinkratičnoj autoimunoj reakciji na administraciju antikoagulanta heparina.^[6] PF4 autoantitela su bila nađena kod pacijenata sa trombozom i osobinama poput HIT ali ne pre administracije heparina.^[7]

Povezano

• Trombocit-aktivirajući faktor
• Trombocit-izvedeni faktor rasta

Reference

1. Eisman R, Surrey S, Ramachandran B, Schwartz E, Poncz M (1990). „Structural and functional comparison of the genes for human platelet factor 4 and PF4alt”. Blood 76 (2): 336–44. PMID 1695112. 
2. „Entrez Gene: PF4 platelet factor 4 (chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 4)”. 
3. Mire-Sluis, Anthony R.; Thorpe, Robin, ur. (1998). Cytokines (Handbook of Immunopharmacology). Boston: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-498340-5. 
4. Lasagni L, Francalanci M, Annunziato F, Lazzeri E, Giannini S, Cosmi L, Sagrinati C, Mazzinghi B, Orlando C, Maggi E, Marra F, Romagnani S, Serio M, Romagnani P (2003). „An alternatively spliced variant of CXCR3 mediates the inhibition of endothelial cell growth induced by IP-10, Mig, and I-TAC, and acts as functional receptor for platelet factor 4”. J Exp Med 197 (11): 1537–49. DOI:10.1084/jem.20021897. PMC 2193908. PMID 12782716. 
5. O'Donovan N, Galvin M, Morgan J (1999). „Physical mapping of the CXC chemokine locus on human chromosome 4”. Cytogenet Cell Genet 84 (1-2): 39–42. DOI:10.1159/000015209. PMID 10343098. 
6. Warkentin TE (March 2007). „Drug-induced immune-mediated thrombocytopenia--from purpura to thrombosis”. N. Engl. J. Med. 356 (9): 891–3. DOI:10.1056/NEJMp068309. PMID 17329695. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2007-03-28. Pristupljeno 2014-05-21. 
7. Warkentin TE, Makris M, Jay RM, Kelton JG (July 2008). „A spontaneous prothrombotic disorder resembling heparin-induced thrombocytopenia”. Am. J. Med. 121 (7): 632–6. DOI:10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.03.012. PMID 18589060. 

Literatura

• Bikfalvi A, Gimenez-Gallego G (2004). „The control of angiogenesis and tumor invasion by platelet factor-4 and platelet factor-4-derived molecules.”. Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 30 (1): 137–44. DOI:10.1055/s-2004-822978. PMID 15034805. 
• Maurer AM, Zhou B, Han ZC (2007). „Roles of platelet factor 4 in hematopoiesis and angiogenesis.”. Growth Factors 24 (4): 242–52. DOI:10.1080/08977190600988225. PMID 17381065. 
• Deuel TF, Keim PS, Farmer M, Heinrikson RL (1977). „Amino acid sequence of human platelet factor 4.”. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74 (6): 2256–8. DOI:10.1073/pnas.74.6.2256. PMC 432148. PMID 267922. 
• Walz DA, Wu VY, de Lamo R, et al. (1978). „Primary structure of human platelet factor 4.”. Thromb. Res. 11 (6): 893–8. DOI:10.1016/0049-3848(77)90117-7. PMID 601757. 
• Nath N, Lowery CT, Niewiarowski S (1975). „Antigenic and antiheparin properties of human platelet factor 4 (PF4).”. Blood 45 (4): 537–50. PMID 803847. 
• Hermodson M, Schmer G, Kurachi K (1977). „Isolation, crystallization, and primary amino acid sequence of human platelet factor 4.”. J. Biol. Chem. 252 (18): 6276–9. PMID 893407. 
• Maione TE, Gray GS, Petro J, et al. (1990). „Inhibition of angiogenesis by recombinant human platelet factor-4 and related peptides.”. Science 247 (4938): 77–9. DOI:10.1126/science.1688470. PMID 1688470. 
• Eisman R, Surrey S, Ramachandran B, et al. (1990). „Structural and functional comparison of the genes for human platelet factor 4 and PF4alt.”. Blood 76 (2): 336–44. PMID 1695112. 
• Han ZC, Bellucci S, Tenza D, Caen JP (1990). „Negative regulation of human megakaryocytopoiesis by human platelet factor 4 and beta thromboglobulin: comparative analysis in bone marrow cultures from normal individuals and patients with essential thrombocythaemia and immune thrombocytopenic purpura.”. Br. J. Haematol. 74 (4): 395–401. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2141.1990.tb06325.x. PMID 2140694. 
• Poncz M, Surrey S, LaRocco P, et al. (1987). „Cloning and characterization of platelet factor 4 cDNA derived from a human erythroleukemic cell line.”. Blood 69 (1): 219–23. PMID 3098319. 
• Griffin CA, Emanuel BS, LaRocco P, et al. (1987). „Human platelet factor 4 gene is mapped to 4q12----q21.”. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 45 (2): 67–9. DOI:10.1159/000132431. PMID 3622011. 
• Senior RM, Griffin GL, Huang JS, et al. (1983). „Chemotactic activity of platelet alpha granule proteins for fibroblasts.”. J. Cell Biol. 96 (2): 382–5. DOI:10.1083/jcb.96.2.382. PMC 2112304. PMID 6187750. 
• Morgan FJ, Begg GS, Chesterman CN (1980). „Complete covalent structure of human platelet factor 4.”. Thromb. Haemost. 42 (5): 1652–60. PMID 6445090. 
• Deuel TF, Senior RM, Chang D, et al. (1981). „Platelet factor 4 is chemotactic for neutrophils and monocytes.”. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78 (7): 4584–7. DOI:10.1073/pnas.78.7.4584. PMC 319837. PMID 6945600. 
• Brown KJ, Parish CR (1994). „Histidine-rich glycoprotein and platelet factor 4 mask heparan sulfate proteoglycans recognized by acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor.”. Biochemistry 33 (46): 13918–27. DOI:10.1021/bi00250a047. PMID 7524669. 
• Mayo KH, Roongta V, Ilyina E, et al. (1995). „NMR solution structure of the 32-kDa platelet factor 4 ELR-motif N-terminal chimera: a symmetric tetramer.”. Biochemistry 34 (36): 11399–409. DOI:10.1021/bi00036a012. PMID 7547867. 
• Barker S, Mayo KH (1995). „Quarternary structure amplification of protein folding differences observed in 'native' platelet factor-4.”. FEBS Lett. 357 (3): 301–4. DOI:10.1016/0014-5793(94)01384-D. PMID 7835432. 
• Zhang X, Chen L, Bancroft DP, et al. (1994). „Crystal structure of recombinant human platelet factor 4.”. Biochemistry 33 (27): 8361–6. DOI:10.1021/bi00193a025. PMID 8031770. 
• Horne MK (1993). „The effect of secreted heparin-binding proteins on heparin binding to platelets.”. Thromb. Res. 70 (1): 91–8. DOI:10.1016/0049-3848(93)90226-E. PMID 8511754. 
• Kolset SO, Mann DM, Uhlin-Hansen L, et al. (1996). „Serglycin-binding proteins in activated macrophages and platelets.”. J. Leukoc. Biol. 59 (4): 545–54. PMID 8613703. 

Vanjske veze

• MeSH Platelet+factor+4