Južnjačka gotika

Carson McCullers i William Faulkner se danas navode kao najznačajniji predstavnici južnjačke gotike.

Južnjačka gotika je podžanr gotičke fikcije u američkoj književnosti koji primarno tematizira i čija je radna isključivo smještena na jug Sjedinjenih Država. Iako je primarno nastala kao književni pravac, južnjačka gotika se s vremenom proširila i na druge grane umjetnosti poput glazbe i filma.

Stilski začeci južnjačke gotike datiraju još od sredine XIX. vijeka, u periodu prije i poslije Građanskog rata, posebice u groteskama Henryja Clayja Lewisa te deidealiziranim vizijama juga u djelima Marka Twaina. No, unatoč gotičkom tretmanu juga u tom periodu, pravac se zapravo formirao tek u XX. vijeku, kada su se mračni romantizam, južnjački humor i naturalizam stopili u jedan pravac koji je jug pretvorio u grotesku. Među čestim temama u književnosti javljaju se ekscentrični i problematični likovi prepuni mana, korištenje hoodoo magije, ambivalentne rodne uloge, zastarjeli ugođaj, groteskne situacije i zlokobni događaji koji potječu od ili dovode do siromaštva, otuđenosti, kriminala i nasilja.

Južnjačka gotika primarno koristi ironiju i grotesku kako bi prikazala i analizirala vrijednosti američkoga juga. Tako ona, za razliku od žanra iz kojeg potiče, ne koristi gotičke elemente samo da stvori napetost, već da istraži društvene probleme i prikaže kulturološke karakteristike juga. Plantaže, tako karakteristične za ranu historiju američkog juga, zamijenjene su ruralnim zajednicama koje kao da su zastale u vremenu. Pionirski autori ovoga žanra, odnosno William Faulkner, Carson McCullers i Flannery O'Connor, koristili su u svojim djelima prikaz juga koji je zapravo postao apsurdna kritika modernosti u cjelini. Izuzev spomenutih, značajni autori južnjačke gotike su Erskine Caldwell, Harper Lee, Cormac McCarthy i Tennessee Williams.

Što se južnjačke gotike kao glazbenog pravca tiče, ona je znana još i kao gothic americana ili death country. Radi se, zapravo, o spoju između alternativnog rocka i klasičnog countryja te folka. Tematski je vrlo slična književnoj južnjačkoj gotici te ima mnogo više sličnosti s književnim nego tradicionalnim glazbenim temama. Rani radovi R.E.M.-a spadaju u ovaj žanr, kao i radovi benda Murder by Death.

Na filmu, južnjačka gotika se kao stilski pravac pojavljuje još u ranom dobu Hollywooda, a među najznačajnijim ranijim primjerima su A Streetcar Named Desire i To Kill a Mockingbird. Slasher horor The Texas Chain Saw Massacre također inkorporira elemente ovoga žanra, a prisutni su i u filmovima Cape Fear i Winter's Bone. Prva sezona popularne serije True Detective također spada u južnjačku gotiku.

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