Jean-Paul Marat

Portret Jean-Paula Marata što ga je izradio Joseph Boze (1793.)

Jean-Paul Marat (Boudry, 24. svibnja 1743. - Pariz, 13. srpnja 1793.) je bio liječnik, politički teoretičar i znanstvenik najpoznatiji po svojoj karijeri radikalnog novinara i jednog ključnih osoba tokom Francuske revolucije. Njegovi novinski tekstovi bili su poznati po svojoj oštrini, nepokolebljivoj podršci revoluciji i njezinim vođama, zalaganju za osnovna ljudska prava i prava za najsiromašnije slojeve društva.

Marat je rođen u današnjoj Švicarskoj, u obitelji talijansko-francuskog porijekla. U dobi od 16 godina napustio je obiteljski dom te putovao po Europi, najviše boraveći u Engleskoj, gdje se školovao za liječnika. U tom je periodu stekao interes za filozofiju i politiku, a poseban utjecaj na njege izvršile su prosvjetiteljske ideje. U tom periodu objavljuje i nekoliko znanstvenih radova. Nakon pada Bastille, Marat se povezao s jakobincima i ubrzo postao član Konventa, iako se nikada formalno nije vezao ni uz jedan klub. Kako je revolucija napredovala, Marat je postajao sve radikalniji pristaša jakobinaca i sve žešći protivnik žirondinaca. Marat je, kao radikalni ljevičar, bio strastven pobornik sankilota, a svoje stavove je iznosio u brojnim pamfletima i novinama, posebice svojim L'Ami du peuple (sh. Prijatelj naroda), koje su mu poslužile kao veza s radikalnim jakobinskim vođama tokom 1793. godine.

Ipak, njegovi radikalni tonovi nisu naišli na opće prihvaćanje te se, posebno među žirondincima i simpatizerima istih javio otpor. Mlada plemkinja i simpatizerka žirondinaca Charlotte Corday izvršila je 13. srpnja 1793. godine atentat na Marata, probovši ga nožem u njegovoj kupaonici. Naime, Marat je zbog kožne bolesti (koju je dr. Josef Jelinek 1979. dijagnosticirao kao dermatitis herpetiformis) rijetko izlazio iz svog doma tako da je Cordayjeva morala dobiti pristup istome. To je uspjela fingirajući kako ima podatke o navodnoj žirondinskoj pobuni koja se spremala. Nakon što je Maratu, koji ju je dočekao u kadi, navela nekoliko imena koja je ovaj zapisao, zabila mu je nož u prsa. Ubod je probio pluća, aortu i lijevu klijetku uzrokovavši tako Maratovu smrt. Codrayjeva je na suđenju rekla kako je ubila Marata jer je u njemu vidjela glavni uzrok krvavog terora, smatrajući kako će isti prestati njegovom smrću. Pogubljena je četiri dana kasnije.

Marat je nakon atentata pretvoren u mučenika, a Jakobinski teror će tek nakon toga dosegnuti svoju najkrvaviju fazu. Maratova smrt je komemorirana na nekoliko poznatih umjetničkih djela, od kojih je svakako najznačanija Mrtvi Marat Jacquesa-Louisa Davida iz 1793. godine. David je bio vodeći slikar svoga doba, a uz to je bio i montanjar. Danas je ta slika jedna od najpoznatijih iz perioda Francuske revolucije. Posthumni prikaz događaja, temeljen na Davidovoj slici, a koji scenu prikazuje iz drugog kuta, uključujući i Charlotte Corday, izradio je 1860. godine Paul Jacques Aimé Baudry. Atentat je prikazan i u romanu Les dieux ont soif francuskog nobelovca Anatolea Francea.

Marat je pokopan ispod žalosne vrbe u vrtu bivšeg Couvent des Cordeliers. Njegovi ostaci su u studenom 1793. godine prebačeni u Panthéon.

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