Naziv Bizant se nije koristio u vrijeme postojanja države nego ga je tek u 18. vijeku uveo francuski povjesničar Montesquieu. Kao i drugi povjesničari tog vremena on je smatrao da Bizantsko carstvo nakon 5. vijeka nije vrijedno imena Rimsko iako su vizantinci sebe smatrali rimljanima, a vizantijski car je sebe smatrao jedinim pravim vladarom Rima "rođenim u purpuru". Zato je Montesquieu uzeo latinizirano ime glavnog grada Byzantium (od grčkog Byzántion, današnji Istanbul), za cijelo carstvo. Prvi naziv ovog grada je bio Constantinopolis po caru Konstantinu koji ga gradi i koji iz Rima prenosi ovde prestonicu. Ovo čini zbog tadašnje velike ekonomske krize i neuspeha ranijih reformi vojske i državne uprave. Konstantin najzad priznaje hrišćanstvo kao zvaničnu religiju carstva i vrši ostale potrebne reforme, te Rim polako počinje sa oporavkom.
Građani Bizantskog carstva su sebe smatrali Rimljanima, a službeni jezik je bio isprva latinski, kao i u zapadnom dijelu Carstva, a od 7. vijeka, odlukom cara Iraklija (vladao od 610. - 641.), grčki.
Vizantijski car je do 800. godine i krunisanja Karla Velikog bio jedini car u hrišćanskom svetu. Posle 800. godine institucija vizantijskog cara biva poljuljana, ali on i dalje sebe naziva "vasilevs - car Rimski" što ni jedan drugi vladar tog vremena nije mogao reći za sebe.
Vizantija je bila država jako vezana za hrišćanstvo koje je bilo jedina zvanična religija carstva vekovima. Viševekovno rivalstvo dva hrišćanska poglavara i pokušaj prevlasti nad carevinom kulminira 1054. godine kada rimski Papa odbijajući da prizna samoizabranog arhiepiskopa Carigradskoig Fotija, demonstrativno baca anatemu na istočnu hrišćansku crkvu u velelepnoj crkvi Sveta Marija (današnja Aja Sofija). Od tog doba dve hrišćanske crkve se samostalno razvijaju i grade sve veće razlike među sobom, pokušavajući da se nametnu u hrišćanskom svetu. Česti su, u prošlosti, bili pokušaji falsifikovanja istorijskih činjenica, pa čak sukoba i otvorenih ratova prouzrokovanih ovim neslaganjima.
Poreklo imena „Vizantijsko Carstvo“
Termin „Vizantijsko Carstvo“ je moderan naziv i bio bi stran njegovim savremenicima. Domaći, vizantijski, naziv je bio Ῥωμανία — Romania ili Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων — Basileia Romaion, što predstavlja direktan prevod latinskog naziva za Rimsko Carstvo, Imperium Romanorum, a svi postojeći zapisi govore o tzv. Vizantijcima kao "Romejima", dakle zemlji koja je naslednik Rimskog Carstva i njenim podanicima.
Sam naziv prvi put se koristi 1557. od strane nemačkog istoričara Heronima Volfa u njegovom delu „Corpus Historiae Bizantinae“. Potiče od starog grčkog naziva Vizantion, grčke kolonije na Bosforu, na čijem je mestu kasnije podignuta prestonica Istočnog Carstva, Konstantinopolj. Prema predanju, grad su osnovali grčki kolonisti, koje je predvodio neki Viza (Biza) ili Vizas (Bizas) i po njenu je i naselje dobilo ime Vizantion (Bizantion). Zbog povoljnog geografskog položaja Vizantion je brzo postao važan primorski i trgovački grad, ali pak u antičkom periodu nije zauzeo neku značajniju ulogu.
Grčka kultura
Osnovni današnji problem Bizanta je da se niti danas svi povjesničari ne mogu složiti kada je ovo Carstvo nastalo i nestalo. Godine njegovog nastanka se pomiču zavisno od izvora između 283. godine kada umire car Kar i kada se carstvo prvi put dijeli ( što će potvrditi Dioklecijan ) i 640. godine kada Mediteran prestaje biti Rimsko jezero. Iako je 323. godine samo 10 - 15 posto stanovnika Carstva bilo kršćanske vjere to će se tijekom sljedećih 100 godina promjeniti u potpuno obratnu situaciju. Tijekom V. stoljeća dok Zapadne prefekture ( Zapadno Rimsko Carstvo ) propadaju pod navalom barbara Istok se osjetio pozvanim sudjelovati u pokušaju spasa. Sve od 410. godine ti pokušaji bez uspješnih rezultata će dovesti praktički Bizant do bankrota nakon čega on financijski iscrpljen pušta ostatak Carstva svojoj sudbini. Koristeći gotovo potpuni mir koji traje 40 godina tijekom vladavina Anastazija i Justina Carstvo je bilo financijski spremno za povratak izgubljenih provincija. Tijekom vladavine Justinijana I. doći će do oslobađanja Afrike, Italije, Dalmacije, južne obale Hispanije i svih sredozemnih otoka. Da li je njegov san o obnovi cjelokupnog Carstva bio moguć ili ne nikada nećemo doznati pošto je Carstvo (i Perzija ) bilo potreseno velikom epidemijom po broju žrtava prilično sličnom kugi. Ostatak ovog razdoblja nalazi državu u defanzivi pod napadima Avara i Slavena na Balkanu, Langobarda u Italiji, Perzije na Bliskom Istoku i Vizigota koji početkom VII. stoljeća uspjevaju osloboditi Hispaniju. Veliki, četvrt stoljeća dugi, rat s Perzijom će napokon završiti 627. godine pobjedom car Heraklija koja je trebala donesti pobjedu. Ta pobjeda na kraju postaje pirova kada Arapi ujedinjeni muslimanskom vjerom čiji nastanak je Carstvo potpomoglo (točnije Muhameda) pobjeđuju Rimsku vojsku, osvajaju Bliski Istok, a ubrzo potom 640. godine i Egipat. Gubitkom žitnih polja ove provincije kao i Sirije koja se specijalizirala za proizvodnju ulja dolazimo do granice koja označava zbog općih životnih promjena stanovništva kraj Antike.
Borba za život
Gubitak više od pola Carstva u samo jednom desetljeću je rezultiralo borbom na život i smrt protiv fanatično nastrojenih Arapa u njihovom širenju vjere. Tijekom tih bitaka bivše multietnička Carstvo će padom Kartage695. godine postati gotovo jednonacionalna, grčka država. U bitkama tijekom kojih će doći čak i do dvije opsade CarigradaBizant će preživjeti samo zbog otkrića Grčke vatre koja će spaliti protivničku flotu. Do stabiliziranja ostataka države koja je spala s carstva gradova na carstvo tvrđava dolazi stupanjem na vlast Leona III. Izurijanca u VIII. stoljeću. To vrijeme mira neće zadovoljiti stanovništvo koje sada bez vanjskih neprijatelja počinje njih tražiti među sobom putem unutrašnjih nemira kojima se odlučuje da li će biti dopušteno ili ne pravljenje ikona. Ova polemika će trajati gotovo do polovice IX. stoljeća kada će regent Teodora donesti odluku u korist ikona.
Makedonci
Kraj tih nemira daruje državi sada vjersko kao što je prije imalo i nacionalno jedinstvo. Takav razvoj situacije će dati snagu Carstvu za ponovno vođenje aktivne vanjske politike čemu će malo poslužiti i sreća. Politika pobjeda i poraza u ratu sa susjedima cara Bazilija I. će biti nastavljena sve do 961. godine kada vlast preuzimaju najprije vojni zapovjednici, a potom sposobni Bazilije II. Bugaroubojica. Tijekom njegove vladavine biti će anektirano Bugarsko Carstvo, a nakon toga careva riječ će se slušati od rijeke Kupe pa sve do Kaspijskog mora. Njegova smrt dovodi do povratka vlasti iz glavnog zapovjedništva vojske ponovno u dekadentnu palaču čijim vladarima je sve teško raditi ( čak i imati djecu ) osim pojavljivama na svakodnevnim zabavama. To je dovelo do smanjivanja stajaće vojske kako bi car više novca mogao trošiti na svoje "gluposti". Rezultat te politike će biti poraz cara Romana IV. od Turaka1071. godine i gubitak u ratu 50 posto stanovništva.
Komneni
Koristeći praktički raspad države na prijestolje će se popeti plemić Aleksije I. Komnen koji ne vidjevši druge mogućnosti traži od pape pomoć za oslobađanje kršćanskih zemalja što će dovesti do Križarskih ratova. Carstvo će tijekom njegove vladavine povratiti dio izgubljenog teritorija ali unutrašnjo-politički gledano to više neće biti država kao prije. Sada se ona pretvara u feudalno društvo što je točno ono protiv čega se veliki Bazilije II. borio. Pored toga nova negativnost ovog uređenja postaje ukidanje stalne vojske i sve veća ovisnost o plaćenicima ili feudalnim gospodarima koji trebaju dati vojsku za potrebu države. Sljedeći Komneni će nastaviti ovu politiku koja će rezultirati klasičnom feudalnom borbom za vlast i padom Carigrada u ruke križara 1204. godine.
Restauracija i kraj
Pad Carigrada će rezultirati stvaranjem kvislinškog Latinskog carstva, dok će lojalna grčka područja proglasiti svoje nezavisne države. One će biti Trapezuntsko Carstvo stvoreno od Komnena još u ožujku 1204., Nikejsko Carstvo osnovano u travnju 1204. ( u trenutku pada Carigrada ), ali službeno proglašeno tek 1206. i posljednje osnovano Solunsko Carstvo koje će veći dio postojanja provesti pod imenom Epirska despotovina. U bitkama za obnovu Carstva koje će trajati sve do 1261. godine pobjednik će postati Nicejsko Carstvo sa svojim carem uzurpatorom Mihajlom Paleologom koji će osnovati posljednju vladajuću dinastiju. Nakon njegove smrti 1282. godine državom će vladati s kratkim prekidima nesposobni, neaktivni carevi koji ništa ne poduzimaju protiv Tursko-Srpskih osvajanja. Bizantsko-osmanski ratovi pokazali su se kao smrtni udarac carstvu. Rezultat toga postaje pad Carigrada1453. godine, a ubrzo potom i Moreje 1460/61 godine. Posljednje Carstvo koje preuzima direktno nasljedstvo od starog Rimskog Carstva će umrijeti kada David, car Trapezunta potpisuje bezuvjetnu kapitulaciju svoje države 1461. godine Osmanskom sultanuMehmedu II.
Choniates, Nicetas (1912). „The Sack of Constantinople (1204)”. Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of European History by D.C. Munro (Series 1, Vol 3:1). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. str. 15–16.
Geoffrey of Villehardouin (1963). „The Conquest of Constantinople”. Chronicles of the Crusades (translated by Margaret R. Shaw). Penguin Classics. ISBN0-14-044124-7.
Komnene, Anna (1928). „Books X-XIII”. The Alexiad (translated by Elizabeth A. S. Dawes). Internet Medieval Sourcebook. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2020-04-13. Pristupljeno 2015-04-14.
Alemany, Agustí (2000). Sources on the Alans: A Critical Compilation. Leiden: Brill. str. 170–243. ISBN90-04-11442-4.
Ahrweiler, Hélène; Laiou, Angeliki E. (1998). „Preface”. Studies on the Internal Diaspora of the Byzantine Empire. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. ISBN0-88402-247-1.
Anastos, Milton V. (1962). „The History of Byzantine Science. Report on the Dumbarton Oaks Symposium of 1961”. Dumbarton Oaks Papers16: 409–411. DOI:10.2307/1291170. ISSN0070-7546. JSTOR1291170.
Birkenmeier, John W. (2002). The Development of the Komnenian Army: 1081–1180. Leiden: Brill. ISBN90-04-11710-5.
Blume, Fred H. (2008). Kearley, Timothy. ur. Annotated Justinian Code. Laramie: University of Wyoming.
Bray, R. S. (2004). Armies of Pestilence: The Impact of Disease on History. James Clarke. ISBN0-227-17240-X.
Browning, Robert (1983). „The Continuity of Hellenism in the Byzantine world: Appearance or Reality?”. u: Winnifrith, Tom; Murray, Penelope. Greece Old and New. New York: Macmillan. str. 111–128. ISBN0-333-27836-4.
Bury, John Bagnall; Philotheus (1911). The Imperial Administrative System of the Ninth Century: With a Revised Text of the Kletorologion of Philotheos. London: Oxford University Press.
Cameron, Averil (1979). „Images of Authority: Elites and Icons in Late Sixth-century Byzantium”. Past and Present84 (1): 3. DOI:10.1093/past/84.1.3. ISSN0031-2746.
Cameron, Averil (2000). „Vandal and Byzantine Africa”. u: Averil Cameron, Bryan Ward-Perkins and Michael Whitby. The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 14: Late antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. str. 552–569. ISBN0-521-32591-9.
Cameron, Averil (1992). „New Themes and Styles in Greek Literature, 7th and 8th centuries”. u: Averil Cameron and Lawrence I. Conrad. The Byzantine and Islamic Early Near East I: Problems in the Literary Source Material. Darwin. ISBN0-87850-080-4.
Chrysos, Evangelos (1992). „Byzantine Diplomacy, CE 300–800: Means and End”. u: Jonathan Shepard, Simon Franklin. Byzantine Diplomacy: Papers from the Twenty-Fourth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, Cambridge, March 1990 (Society for the Promotion of Byzant). Variorum. ISBN0-86078-338-3.
Cohen, H. Floris (1994). The Scientific Revolution: A Historiographical Inquiry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN0-226-11280-2.
Comrie, Bernard (1987). „Russian”. u: Shopen, Timothy. Languages and Their Status. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. str. 91–152. ISBN0-8122-1249-5.
Diehl, Charles (1948). „Byzantine Art”. u: Baynes, Norman Hepburn; Moss, Henry St. Lawrence Beaufort. Byzantium: An Introduction to East Roman Civilization. Oxford: Clarendon. OCLC1058121.
Drake, H. A. (1995). „Constantine and Consensus”. Church History64 (1): 1–15. JSTOR3168653.
Duiker, William J.; Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2010). The Essential World History. Boston: Wadsworth. ISBN978-0-495-90227-0.
El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria (2004). Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN0-932885-30-6.
Esler, Philip Francis (2004). The Early Christian World. New York and London: Routledge. ISBN0-415-33312-1.
Fossier, Robert; Sondheimer, Janet (1997). The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-26644-0.
Fouracre, Paul; Gerberding, Richard A. (1996). Late Merovingian France: History and Hagiography, 640–720. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN0-7190-4791-9.
Freeman, Charles (1999). The Greek Achievement – The Foundation of the Western World. New York: Penguin. ISBN0-670-88515-0.
Gabriel, Richard A. (2002). The Great Armies of Antiquity. Westport: Greenwood. ISBN0-275-97809-5.
Gibbon, Edward (1906). J. B. Bury (with an Introduction by W. E. H. Lecky). ur. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Volumes II, III, and IX). New York: Fred de Fau.
Grabar, André (1984). L'iconoclasme Byzantin: le dossier archéologique. Flammarion. ISBN2-08-081634-9.
Greatrex, Geoffrey B. (2005). „Byzantium and the East in the Sixth Century”. u: Maas, Michael. The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. str. 477–509. ISBN0-521-81746-3.
Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2002). The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Part II, 363–630 AD). New York and London: Routledge. ISBN0-415-14687-9.
Hacikyan, Agop Jack; Basmajian, Gabriel; Franchuk, Edward S.; Ouzounian, Nourhan (2002). The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the Sixth to the Eighteenth Century. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. ISBN0-8143-3023-1.
Haldon, John (2002). Byzantium: A History. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus Publishing. ISBN1-4051-3240-X.
Haldon, John (1990). Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-31917-X.
Haldon, John (2003). Byzantium at War 600–1453. New York and London: Routledge. ISBN0-415-96861-5.
Haldon, John (2004). „The Fate of the Late Roman Senatorial Elite: Extinction or Transformation?”. u: John Haldon and Lawrence I. Conrad. The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East VI: Elites Old and New in the Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East. Darwin. ISBN0-87850-144-4.
Heisenberg, August; Kromayer, Johannes; von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, Ulrich (1923). Staat und Gesellschaft der Griechen und Römer, Volume 2, Part 4. Leipzig and Berlin: Teubner.
Herrin, Judith (2008). Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN0-691-13151-1.
King, David A. (March 1991). „Reviews: The Astronomical Works of Gregory Chioniades, Volume I: The Zij al- Ala'i by Gregory Chioniades, David Pingree; An Eleventh-Century Manual of Arabo-Byzantine Astronomy by Alexander Jones”. Isis82 (1): 116–118. DOI:10.1086/355661.
Kitzinger, Ernst (1976). „Byzantine Art in the Period between Justinian and Iconoclasm”. u: W. E. Kleinbauer. The Art of Byzantium and the Medieval West: Selected Studies by Ernst Kitzinger. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. str. 157–232. ISBN0-253-31055-5.
Klein, Holgen A. (2004). „Eastern Objects and Western Desires: Relics and Reliquaries between Byzantium and the West”. Dumbarton Oaks Papers58: 283–314. JSTOR3591389.
Kountoura-Galake, Eleonora (1996) (Greek). Ο βυζαντινός κλήρος και η κοινωνία των "Σκοτεινών Αἰώνων ["The Byzantine Clergy and the Society of the 'Dark Ages'"]. Athens: Ethniko Idryma Erevnon. ISBN978-960-7094-46-9.
Kuhoff, Wolfgang (2002). „Die diokletianische Tetrarchie als Epoche einer historischen Wende in antiker und moderner Sicht”. International Journal of the Classical Tradition9 (2): 177–194. DOI:10.1007/BF02898434. JSTOR30224306.
Laiou, Angeliki E. (2002). „Exchange and Trade, Seventh-Twelfth Centuries”. u: Angeliki E. Laiou. The Economic History of Byzantium (Volume 2). Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. str. 697–708. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2013-09-30. Pristupljeno 2015-04-14.
Laiou, Angeliki E. (2002). „Writing the Economic History of Byzantium”. u: Angeliki E. Laiou. The Economic History of Byzantium (Volume 1). Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. str. 3–8. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2013-09-30. Pristupljeno 2015-04-14.
Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon (1998). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Malden: Blackwell. ISBN0-631-22492-0.
Lenski, Noel (1999). „Assimilation and Revolt in the Territory of Isauria, From the 1st Century BC to the 6th Century AD”. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient42: 413–465. DOI:10.1163/1568520991201687. ISSN0022-4995. JSTOR3632602.
Louth, Andrew (2005). „The Byzantine Empire in the Seventh Century”. u: Paul Fouracre and Rosamond McKitterick. The New Cambridge Medieval History (Volume I). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-36291-1.
Lowe, Steven; Baker, Martin. „The Seljuqs of Rum”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2007-07-22. Pristupljeno 9 July 2007.
Madden, Thomas F. (2005). Crusades: The Illustrated History. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN0-472-03127-9.
Magdalino, Paul (2002). The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143–1180. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-52653-1.
Mango, Cyril A. (2007) (Greek [translated from the original by Dimitris Tsoungarakis]). Η Αυτοκρατορία της Νέας Ρώμης ["Byzantium: The Empire of the New Rome"]. Athens: Educational Institution of the National Bank of Greece.
Mango, Cyril A. (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-814098-3.
Meier, William N. (2003). „Die Inszenierung einer Katastrophe: Justinian und der Nika-Aufstand”. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik (142): 273–300. JSTOR20191600.
Neumann, Iver B. (2006). „Sublime Diplomacy: Byzantine, Early Modern, Contemporary”. Millennium: Journal of International Studies34 (3): 865–888. DOI:10.1177/03058298060340030201. ISSN1569-2981.
Neubecker, Ottfried; Brooke-Little, John Philip (1997). Heraldry: Sources, Symbols and Meaning. Time Warner. ISBN0-316-64141-3.
Neville, Leonora Alice (2004). Authority in Byzantine Provincial Society, 950–1100. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-83865-7.
Nicol, Donald MacGillivray (1993). The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-43991-4.
Ostrogorsky, George (1969). History of the Byzantine State. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. ISBN0-8135-1198-4.
Ostrogorsky, George (1959). „The Byzantine Empire in the World of the Seventh Century”. Dumbarton Oaks Papers13: 1–21. DOI:10.2307/1291127. JSTOR1291126.
Paparrigopoulos, Constantine; Karolidis, Pavlos (1925) (Greek). Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους ["History of the Greek Nation"], vol. 4. Eleftheroudakis.
Parry, Kenneth (1996). Depicting the Word: Byzantine Iconophile Thought of the Eighth and Ninth Centuries. Leiden and New York: Brill. ISBN90-04-10502-6.
Postan, Michael Moïssey; Miller, Edward; Postan, Cynthia (1987). The Cambridge Economic History of Europe (Volume 2). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-08709-0.
Reinert, Stephen W. (2002). „Fragmentation (1204–1453)”. u: Cyril Mango. The Oxford History of Byzantium. Oxford: Oxford University Press. str. 248–283. ISBN0-19-814098-3.
Rice, David Talbot (1968). Byzantine Art (3rd Edition). Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Limited.
Ryan, Herbert J. (1993). „The Church in History”. u: Christopher Key Chapple and Thomas P. Rausch. The College Student's Introduction to Theology. Liturgical Press. ISBN0-8146-5841-5.
Sarantis, Alexander (2009). „War and Diplomacy in Pannonia and the Northwest Balkans during the Reign of Justinian: The Gepid Threat and Imperial Responses”. Dumbarton Oaks Papers63: 15–40. JSTOR41219761.
Shahid, Irfan (1972). „The Iranian Factor in Byzantium during the Reign of Heraclius”. Dumbarton Oaks Papers26: 293–320. DOI:10.2307/1291324. JSTOR1291324.
Šišić, Ferdo (1990). Povijest Hrvata u vrijeme narodnih vladara: sa 280 slika i 3 karte u bojama. Zagreb: Nakladni zavod Matice hrvatske. ISBN86-401-0080-2.
Sotinel, Claire (2005). „Emperors and Popes in the Sixth Century: The Western View”. u: Maas, Michael. The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. str. 267–290. ISBN0-521-81746-3.
Speck, Paul (1984). „Ikonoklasmus und die Anfänge der Makedonischen Renaissance”. Poikila Byzantina4: 175–210.
Stephenson, Paul (2000). Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900–1204. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-77017-3.
Troianos, Spyros; Velissaropoulou-Karakosta, Julia (1997). Ιστορία δικαίου από την αρχαία στην νεώτερη Ελλάδα ["History of law from ancient to modern Greece"]. Athens: Sakkoulas. ISBN960-232-594-1.
Warning: active arbitration remediesThe contentious topics procedure applies to this page. This page is related to the Arab–Israeli conflict, which is a contentious topic. Furthermore, the following rules apply when editing this page: You must be logged-in and extended-confirmed to edit or discuss this topic on any page (except for making edit requests, provided they are not disruptive)You may not make more than 1 revert within 24 hours on any edits related to this topicEditors who repeated...
Samerey Samerey (Frankreich) Staat Frankreich Region Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Département (Nr.) Côte-d’Or (21) Arrondissement Beaune Kanton Brazey-en-Plaine Gemeindeverband Communauté de communes Rives de Saône Koordinaten 47° 5′ N, 5° 22′ O47.0908333333335.3613888888889Koordinaten: 47° 5′ N, 5° 22′ O Höhe 184–204 m Fläche 7,02 km² Einwohner 141 (1. Januar 2020) Bevölkerungsdichte 20 Einw./km² Postleitzahl 21170 I...
Italian politician (1893–1973) Augusto De MarsanichMember of the Italian SenateIn office5 June 1968 – 24 May 1972ConstituencyRomeMember of the Italian Chamber of DeputiesIn office25 June 1953 – 4 June 1968ConstituencyL'AquilaRomePresident of the Italian Social MovementIn office10 October 1954 – 24 May 1972Preceded byRodolfo GrazianiSucceeded byGino BirindelliSecretary of the Italian Social MovementIn office10 January 1950 – 10 October 1954Preceded...
Sungai Karang Asam Besar adalah sebuah sungai yang melintasi dan mengalir di wilayah Kota Samarinda, provinsi Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia. Sungai Karang Asam Besar memiliki panjang 18.800 meter. Sungai ini mengalir di lokasi Teluk Lerong Ilir,Teluk Lerong Ulu Karang Asam Ulu dan Karang Asam Ilir, Loa Buah, Air Putih, Karang Anyar. Sungai Karang Asam Besar adalah anak sungai dari Sungai Mahakam[1][2] Lihat pula Daftar sungai di Indonesia Daftar sungai di Kalimantan Daftar sunga...
Der Grammy Award for Best Rap Song, auf deutsch „Grammy-Award für das beste Rap-Lied“, ist ein Musikpreis, der bei den jährlich stattfindenden Grammy Awards verliehen wird. Ausgezeichnet werden Songwriter für herausragende Songs, auf denen gerappt wird, also vornehmlich Lieder aus dem Genre der Hip-Hop-Musik. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Hintergrund und Geschichte 2 Gewinner und nominierte Künstler 3 Weblinks 4 Einzelnachweise Hintergrund und Geschichte Die seit 1958 verliehenen Grammy Awards...
Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Koko Liem – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Gaya atau nada penulisan artikel ini tidak mengikuti gaya dan nada penulisan ensiklopedis yang diberlakukan di Wikipedia. Bantulah memperbaik...
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: Radio 1 Sessions Big Country album – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2014) 1994 live album by Big CountryRadio 1 SessionsLive album by Big CountryReleased1994Recorded12 August 1982 – 9 March 1983GenreAlternative rock,...
PB beralih ke halaman ini. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat PB (disambiguasi). Artikel ini telah dinilai sebagai artikel pilihan pada 15 Januari 2019 (Pembicaraan artikel) Timbal, 82PbNodul timbal murni dan kubus timbal 1 cm3 Garis spektrum timbalSifat umumNama, lambangtimbal, PbPengucapan/timbal/[1] Penampilanabu-abu metalikTimbal dalam tabel periodik Hidrogen Helium Lithium Berilium Boron Karbon Nitrogen Oksigen Fluor Neon Natrium Magnesium Aluminium Silikon...
Subgenre of Chinese fantasy fiction A late Ming printed edition of The Three Sui Quash the Demons' Revolt Gods and demons fiction or Shenmo fiction (Chinese: 神魔小說; pinyin: Shénmó Xiǎoshuō) is a subgenre of Chinese fantasy fiction that revolves around the deities, immortals, demons and monsters of Chinese mythology. The term shenmo xiaoshuo, coined in the early 20th century by the writer and literary historian Lu Xun, literally means gods and demons novel.[1] Classi...
River in Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan Kara DaryaKara Darya near Andijan cityEtymologyKara-Darya: Kyrgyz meaning black riverNative nameКара-Дарыя (Kyrgyz)Qoradaryo; Қорадарё (Uzbek)LocationCountryKyrgyzstan, UzbekistanPhysical characteristicsSourceConfluence of Tar and Kara-Kulja • locationKara-Kulja District, Osh Region, Kyrgyzstan • coordinates40°38′55″N 73°25′22″E / 40.6487°N 73.4228°E / 40.6487...
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Gondal Bar – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The Bars on this mapPart of a series onPunjabis History Folklore Language Dialects Punjab Punjabis Nationalism DiasporaAsia Afghanistan...
Former ferry company in the United Kingdom For the Australian ferry operator, see Kangaroo Island SeaLink. For the former New Zealand ferry, see MV C.T.M.A. Voyageur. For the computer file transfer protocol, see SEAlink. For the bridge, see Bandra–Worli Sea Link. SealinkSealink ferries Horsa and Maid of Orleans, Dover, 1973GenreFerry companyFounded1970FounderBritish RailDefunct1984FatePrivatisedSuccessorSealink British Ferries (1984)Sealink Stena Line (1991)Stena Sealink Line (1992)Stena Li...
2014 single by Ariana Grande and the Weeknd Love Me HarderSingle by Ariana Grande and the Weekndfrom the album My Everything ReleasedSeptember 30, 2014 (2014-09-30)Recorded2014StudioConway Recording Studios, Los AngelesWolf Cousins Studio, StockholmP.S. Studio, StockholmStudio at the Palms, Las VegasGenre Pop synthwave synth-pop R&B Length3:56LabelRepublicSongwriter(s)Max MartinSavan KotechaPeter SvenssonAli PayamiAbel TesfayeAhmad BalsheProducer(s)Ali PayamiPeter SvenssonA...
American baseball player (born 1990) Baseball player Tim BeckhamBeckham with the Orioles in 2017Free agent InfielderBorn: (1990-01-27) January 27, 1990 (age 33)Griffin, Georgia, U.S.Bats: RightThrows: RightMLB debutSeptember 19, 2013, for the Tampa Bay RaysMLB statistics (through 2022 season)Batting average.246Home runs63Runs batted in199 Teams Tampa Bay Rays (2013, 2015–2017) Baltimore Orioles (2017–2018) Seattle Mariners (2019) Minnesota Twins (2022) Timothy Lamar Be...
Nevern Square Nevern Square is a garden square in the Earl's Court district of central London. It was developed in the 1880s by the builder Robert Whitaker on behalf of Lord Kensington, the owner of the Edwardes estate.[1] From 1880 to 1884, Robert Whitaker built the east, north and south sides, and following his death in January 1885, George Whitaker built the west side of the square from 1885 to 1886.[1] The architect was Walter Graves.[2] References ^ a b The Histor...
Gaelic games club Cuala redirects here. For other uses, see Cuala (disambiguation). CualaFounded:1974County:DublinColours: Red and whiteGrounds:Dalkey, Meadow Vale, Thomastown, ShankillCoordinates:53°17′14.50″N 6°11′58.93″W / 53.2873611°N 6.1997028°W / 53.2873611; -6.1997028Playing kits Home Kit Change Kit Senior Club Championships All Ireland Leinsterchampions Dublinchampions Hurling: 2 2 8 Cuala GAA club (or Cuala GAC, [ˈkuəlˠə...
No debe confundirse con Lengua aislada. Mapa donde se muestra la ocurrencia de lenguas aislantes (blanco), principalmente en el sureste asiático y Oceanía. El mapa se basa en una amplia muestra tipológicamente equilibrada. En tipología lingüística se llama lengua aislante o lengua analítica a aquella cuyas palabras tienden a ser monoformáticas y presentan ninguno o muy pocos procedimientos derivativos o flexivos, por lo que las palabras complejas son casi siempre el resultado de compo...
Municipality in Viken, NorwayNore og Uvdal Municipality Nore og Uvdal kommuneMunicipality Coat of armsViken within NorwayNore og Uvdal within VikenCoordinates: 60°18′26″N 8°48′20″E / 60.30722°N 8.80556°E / 60.30722; 8.80556CountryNorwayCountyVikenDistrictØstlandetAdministrative centreRødbergGovernment • Mayor (2011)Eli Hovd Prestegården (Sp)Area • Total2,501 km2 (966 sq mi) • Land2,274 km2 (878...
This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. (March 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) subRosa is a cyberfeminist organization led by artists Faith Wilding and Hyla Willis. In the late 1990s at Carnegie Mellon University, Faith Wilding organi...