Autoreceptor

Presinaptički neuron (levo) otpušta neurotransmiter noradrenalin (norepinefrin) u sinaptički rascep. Transmiter deluje na receptore postsinaptičkog neurona (desno), kao i na autoreceptore na presinaptičkom neuronu. Aktivacija autoreceptora tipično inhibira dalje oslobađanje neurotransmitera.

Autoreceptor je receptor lociran na membrani presinaptičke nervne ćelije i služi kao deo povratne petlje u prenosu signala. On je senzitivan jedino na neurotransmitere ili hormone koje otpušta neuron na čijoj membrani počiva.

Kanonički, presinaptički neuron otpušta neurotransmiter u sinaptički rascep, koji detektuju receptori postsinaptičkog neurona. Autoreceptori presinaptičkog neurona takođe detektuju taj neurotransmiter i često funkcionišu kao kontrola unutrašnjih ćelijskih procesa. Oni tipično inhibiraju dalje otpuštanje ili sintezu neurotransmitera. Otpuštanje neurotransmitera je regulisano negativnom spregom. Autoreceptori su obiačno G protein spregnuti receptori (umesto transmiterom kontrolisanih jonskih kanala) i deluju putem sekundarnih glasnika.[1]

Autoreceptori mogu da budu locirani bilo gde na ćelijskom telu: blizo terminala na aksonu, na somi, ili na dendritima.[2]

Na primer, norepinefrin otpušten iz simpatetičkih neurona može da formira interakciju sa alfa-2A i alfa-2C receptorima čime se inhibira neuralno otpuštanje norepinefrina. Slično tome, acetilholin otpušten sa parasimpatetičkih neurona može da aktivira muskarinske-2 i muskarinske-4 receptore i time inhibira neuronsko otpuštanje acetilholina. Još jedan tipičan primer je β-adrenergički autoreceptor u simpatetičkom perifernom nervnom sistemu, koji deluje tako što povećava otpuštanje transmitera.[2]

Reference

  1. Bear, Connors, Paradiso (2006). Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd edition. str. 119. 
  2. 2,0 2,1 Siegel GJ, Agranoff BW, Albers RW, et al., editors. (1999). „Catecholamine Receptors”. Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects. 6th edition. Lippincott-Raven. 

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