Zona híbrida

Uma zona híbrida existe onde a distribuição de duas espécies não isoladas reprodutivamente se encontram. É onde a prole híbrida de dois táxons diferentes prevalece e há variação clinal na composição genética entre as populações dos táxons envolvidos. As duas (ou mais) linhagens geneticamente distintas que formam a zona híbrida são designadas como formas parentais. A variação clinal em zonas híbridas pode ser observada por meio do registro da frequência de alelos diagnósticos ou características fenotípicas de uma das populações ao longo de um transecto entre as duas populações parentais, tendo geralmente o formato de uma curva sigmoide que pode ser larga (gradual) ou estreita (acentuada) dependendo da proporção entre taxa de sobrevivência de híbridos e taxa de recombinação genética.

Uma zona híbrida pode se formar in situ devido à evolução de uma nova linhagem mas geralmente resultam de um segundo contato entre as formas parentais depois de um período de isolamento geográfico que permitiu a diferenciação.

Para uma zona híbrida ser estável, os descendentes produzidos pelo cruzamento das espécies (os [híbrido (biologia)|híbridos) têm de ser menos aptos que os membros das espécies parentais, embora esta condição não seja necessária na primeira geração (Híbrido F1) que pode apresentar vigor híbrido. Algumas zonas híbridas movimentam-se.

Zonas híbridas são úteis no estudo genético da especiação por exemplificar a diferenciação e às vezes fluxo gênico entre populações que em diferentes momentos representavam uma única espécie e representavam várias espécies em isolamento reprodutivo.

Tipos

Zonas híbridas podem ser primárias ou secundárias. Na prática é difícil distinguir entre as duas.

A primária ocorre quando há divergência entre populações adjacentes que antes eram uma espécie homogênea, o que poderia induzir especiação parapátrica. Essa população passa a se espalhar pela região, podendo encontrar um ambiente diferente ao qual precisa se adaptar, gerando especiação parapátrica. Ainda têm-se contato entre a população original e a nova, ocorrendo hibridização e a formação da zona híbrida.

A secundária ocorre quando duas populações, que passaram por especiação alopátrica, se reencontram e geram híbridos. O fluxo gênico pode ocorrer entre endocruzumento entre híbridos e parentais não-híbridos (introgressão).

Referências

  • Barton NH. (1979) The dynamics of hybrid zones. Heredity 43:341-359
  • Barton NH. (1983) Multilocus clines. Evolution 37:454-71
  • Barton NH, Hewitt GM. (1985) Analysis of Hybrid Zones. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 16:113-148.
  • Bates, J. A. & Innes, D. J. (1995) Genetic variation among populations of Mytilus spp. in eastern Newfoundland. Marine Biology 124, 417-424.
  • Bazykin AD. (1969) Hypothetical mechanism of speciation. Evolution 23:685-87
  • Endler JA. (1982) Problems in distinguishing historical from ecological factors in biogeography. Am. Zool. 22:441-52
  • Endler, J. (1977) Geographic Variation, Speciation and Clines. Monographs in Population Biology (Volume 10). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691081922. PMID 409931.
  • Gosling EM (1992) Genetics of Mytilus. In The Mussel Mytilus: Ecology, Physiology, Genetics and Culture, pp. 309–382. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
  • Howard DJ. (1993) Reinforcement: origin, dynamics, and fate of an evolutionary hypothesis, in Hybrid zones and the evolutionary process (Harrison, R. G., ed.), pp. 46–69, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Jiggins CD, Mallet J. (2000) Bimodal hybrid zones and speciation. Trends in Ecological Evolution. 15(6):250-255
  • Mark Ridley (2003) Evolution 3rd Edition. Blackwell Publishers
  • Mayr, E. (1942) Systematics and the Origin of Species. New York: Columbia Univ. Press
  • Moore WS. (1977) An evaluation of narrow hybrid zones in vertebrates. Q. Rev. Biol. 52:263-78
  • Pialek J, Barton NH. (1997) The Spread of an Advantageous Allele Across a Barrier: The Effects of Random Drift and Selection Against Heterozygotes. Genetics. 145:493-504
  • Riginos C, Cunningham CW. (2005) Local adaptation and species segregation in two mussel (Mytilus edulis x Mytilus trossulus) hybrid zones. Molecular Ecology 14:381-400
  • Saavedra C, Stewart DT, Stanwood RR, Zouros E. (1996) Species-specific segregation of gender-associated mitochondrial DNA types in an area where two mussel species (Mytilus edulis and M. trossulus) hybridize. Genetics Jul;143(3):1359-67
  • Toro et al.(2002) Reproductive isolation and reproductive output in two sympatric mussel species (Mytilus edulis, M. trossulus) and their hybrids from Newfoundland. Marine Biology 141:897-909
  • Vermeij GJ. (1991) Anatomy of an Invasion: The Trans-Arctic Interchange. Paleobiology, Vol. 17, No. 3. pp. 281–307
  • White MJD, Blackith RE, Blackith RM, Cheney J. (1967) Cytogenetics of the viatica group of morabine grasshoppers. I. The "coastal" species. Aust. J. Zool. 15:263-302

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