Sistema dinâmico de Liouville

Em mecânica clássica, um sistema dinâmico de Liouville é um sistema dinâmico com solução exata no qual a energia cinética T e a energia potencial V podem ser expressas em termos de s coordenadas generalizadas q como segue:[1]

A solução deste sistema consiste em um conjunto de equações separáveis integráveis

onde E = T + V é a energia conservada e os são constantes. Como descrito abaixo, as variáveis foram trocadas de qr para φr, e as funções ur e wr substituídas por seus homólogos χr e ωr. Esta solução possiu diversas aplicações tais como a órbita de pequenos planetas em torno duas estrelas fixas sob a influência da gravidade newtoniana. O sistema dinâmico de Liouville é uma das diversas coisas nomeadas em referência a Joseph Liouville, um eminente matemático francês.

Exemplo de órbitas bicêntricas

Em mecânica clássica, o problema de Euler dos três corpos descreve o movimento de uma partícula no plano sob a influência de dois centros fixos, cada qual atrai a partícula com a força do inverso do quadrado tal como a gravitação ou lei de Coulomb. Exemplos do problema de bicentro incluem um planeta movendo-se ao redor de duas estrelas, ou um elétron movendo-se no campo elétrico de dois núcleos positivamente carregados, tal como o primeiro íon da molécula de hidrogênio H2. A intensidade das duas atrações não podem ser iguais; assim, as duas estrelas devem ter massas diferentes ou os dois núcleos devem ter cargas diferentes.

Solução

Seja o centro fixo de atração localizado ao longo do eixo x em ±a. A energia potencial da partícula em movimento é dada por

Os dois centros de atrações pode ser consideradas como o foco de um conjunto de elípses. Se cada centro for ausente, a partícula moveria-se em uma dessas elipses, como uma solução do problema de Kepler. Entretanto, de acordo com o teorema de Bonnet, as mesmas elipses são soluções para o problema de bicentro.

Introduzindo coordenadas elípticas,

a energia potencial pode ser escrita como

e a energia cinética como

Este é um sistema dinâmico de Liouville se ξ e η são tomados como φ1 e φ2, respectivamente; assim, a função Y é

e a função W

Utilizando a solução geral para um sistema dinâmico de Liouville, obtemos

Introduzindo um parâmetro u pela fórmula

resulta numa solução paramétrica

Desde que estas são integrais elípticas, as coordenadas ξ e η podem ser expressas como funções elípticas de u.

Constante de movimento

O problema bicêntrica possui uma constante de movimento, nomeadamente,

a partir das quais o problema pode ser resolvido usando o método do último multiplicador.

Referências

Bibliografia

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