Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

Quatro guarnições de Anxi

Campanhas Tangues nas regiões occidentais do império
Quatro guarnições de Anxi
Chinês tradicional: 安西四鎮
Chinês simplificado: 安西四镇

As Quatro guarnições de Anxi foram guarnições militares chinesas instaladas pela Império Tangue entre 648 e 658. Estavam estacionadas nas cidades-estado indo-europeias de Qiuci (Cuçar), Yutian (Hotã), Shule (Cascar) e Yanqi (Caraxare). O Protectorado Geral para Pacificar o Oeste foi sediado em Qiuci.[1]

História

O Protectorado de Anxi foi criado na Prefeitura de Xi (Gaochang) após a dinastia Tangue ter anexado com sucesso o reino em 640.[2] O protectorado foi mudado para Qiuci em 648 após a dinastia Tangue ter derrotado Cucha.[3] Porém, devido à inquietação popular local com o apoio do Grão-Canato Túrquico Occidental, o protector-geral Tangue foi assassinado e o protectorado foi transladado novamente para a Prefeitura de Xi em 651.[3] Quando a dinastia Tangue derrotou o Grão-Canato Túrquico Occidental em 658, a sede do protectora foi mudada outra vez para Qiuci.[4] O estabelecimento completo das Quatro Guarnições e com eles um protectorado formal militar Tangue sob a bacia do Tarim, é por conseguinte datada de 658, depois da derrota de Axina Helu.[5]

Após o declínio da hegemonia túrquica sobre a região, o Império Tibetano tornou-se no rival primário pelo poder com a dinastia Tangue. O Império Tibetano invadiu várias vezes a bacia do Tarim e os reinos vizinhos. As regiões occidentais eram muito cobiçadas e mudaram de mãos intermitentemente entre o Império Tibetano e a dinastia Tangue.[6] Durante este período a sede do protectorado foi deslocada para Suiye, também conhecida como Suyab. Os Tangues alcançaram bastante estabilidade depois de 692 e moveram a sede do protectorado outra vez para Qiuci, onde iria permanecer até à queda do protectorado na década de 790.[1][3][7][8]

Wu Zetian criou o Protectorado de Beiting em 702 e garantiu-lhe o controlo da Prefeitura de Ting (Condado de Jimsar), da Prefeitura de Yi (Cumul) e da Prefeitura de Xi.[9]

O Império Tibetano continuou a atacar o Protectora de Anxi mas foram incapazes de tomar território até à ocorrência da rebelião de An Lushan em 755. A dinastia Tangue chamara para as Dezoito Províncias a maioria das tropas das suas guarnições, dando uma oportunidade aos tibetanos para invadir o território Tangue sem resistência. Em 763 um grande exército tibetano conseguiu ocupar a capital Tangue de Changan por um pequeno período de tempo antes de serem obrigados a bater em retirada.[10] No mesmo ano o Império Tibetano ocupou Yanqi.[11]

O vizinhos Corredor de Hexi e Protectorado de Beiting foram invadidos igualmente. Sob Hexi Jiedushi, os Tangues perderam a Prefeitura de Liang em 764,[12] as prefeituras de Gan[13] e Su em 766,[14] a Prefeitura de Gua em 776[14] e a Prefeitura de Sha em 787.[15][16] O Protectora de Beiting perdeu a Prefeitura de Yi em 781, a Prefeitura de Ting em 790 e a Prefeitura de Xi em 792.[11]

O Protectorado de Anxi perdeu Qiuci em 787 e Yutian em 792. Não se sabe ao certo o que aconteceu com Shule.[17][11]

Cidades

As quatro cidades das Quatro guarnições eram:[18]

Referências

  1. a b Xue, p. 596-598.
  2. Xiong 2008, p. 590.
  3. a b c Xiong 2008, p. 45.
  4. Zhang 1995, p. 144-147.
  5. Xiong 2008, p. 433.
  6. Wang, p. 69-89, 294-295
  7. Bregel 2003, p. 17.
  8. Bregel 2003, p. 16.
  9. Xiong 2008, p. 58.
  10. Xiong 2008, p. cxii.
  11. a b c Bregel 2003, p. 21.
  12. Xiong 2008, p. 310.
  13. Xiong 2008, p. 170.
  14. a b Beckwith 1987, p. 149.
  15. Beckwith 1987, p. 152.
  16. Xiong 2008, p. 485.
  17. Wang, p. 207-210, 296-300
  18. Shanghai, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland North China Branch; Society, China Branch of the Royal Asiatic; Branch, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland China; Society, Shanghai Literary and Scientific (1905). Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (em inglês). [S.l.]: Kelly & Walsh. 

Bibliografia

  • Andrade, Tonio (2016), The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History, ISBN 978-0-691-13597-7, Princeton University Press .
  • Asimov, M.S. (1998), History of civilizations of Central Asia Volume IV The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century Part One The historical, social and economic setting, UNESCO Publishing 
  • Barfield, Thomas (1989), The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China, Basil Blackwell 
  • Barrett, Timothy Hugh (2008), The Woman Who Discovered Printing, ISBN 978-0-300-12728-7, Great Britain: Yale University Press  (alk. paper)
  • Beckwith, Christopher I (1987), The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese during the Early Middle Ages, Princeton University Press 
  • Bregel, Yuri (2003), An Historical Atlas of Central Asia, Brill 
  • Chen, Guocan. "Anxi Sizhen" ("Four Garrisons of Anxi"). Encyclopedia of China (Chinese History Edition), 1st ed.
  • Drompp, Michael Robert (2005), Tang China And The Collapse Of The Uighur Empire: A Documentary History, Brill 
  • Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999), The Cambridge Illustrated History of China, ISBN 0-521-66991-X, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press  (paperback).
  • Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2006), East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, ISBN 0-618-13384-4, Boston: Houghton Mifflin 
  • Golden, Peter B. (1992), An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State-Formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East, OTTO HARRASSOWITZ · WIESBADEN 
  • Graff, David A. (2002), Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900, ISBN 0415239559, Warfare and History, London: Routledge 
  • Graff, David Andrew (2016), The Eurasian Way of War Military Practice in Seventh-Century China and Byzantium, ISBN 978-0-415-46034-7, Routledge .
  • Guy, R. Kent (2010), Qing Governors and Their Provinces: The Evolution of Territorial Administration in China, 1644-1796, ISBN 9780295990187, Seattle: University of Washington Press 
  • Haywood, John (1998), Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600-1492, Barnes & Noble 
  • Latourette, Kenneth Scott (1964), The Chinese, their history and culture, Volumes 1-2, Macmillan 
  • Lorge, Peter A. (2008), The Asian Military Revolution: from Gunpowder to the Bomb, ISBN 978-0-521-60954-8, Cambridge University Press 
  • Millward, James (2009), Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang, Columbia University Press 
  • Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, ISBN 0-521-30358-3, V:7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press 
  • Perry, John C.; L. Smith, Bardwell, Essays on T'ang Society: The Interplay of Social, Political and Economic Forces, ISBN 90 04 047611, Leiden, The Netherlands: E. J. Brill 
  • Rong, Xinjiang (2013), Eighteen Lectures on Dunhuang, Brill 
  • Shaban, M. A. (1979), The ʿAbbāsid Revolution, ISBN 0-521-29534-3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 
  • Sima, Guang (2015), Bóyángbǎn Zīzhìtōngjiàn 54 huánghòu shīzōng 柏楊版資治通鑑54皇后失蹤, ISBN 957-32-0876-8, Yuǎnliú chūbǎnshìyè gǔfèn yǒuxiàn gōngsī 
  • Skaff, Jonathan Karam (2012), Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580-800 (Oxford Studies in Early Empires), Oxford University Press 
  • Mackintosh-Smith, Tim (2014), Two Arabic Travel Books, Library of Arabic Literature 
  • Twitchett, D. (1979), Cambridge History of China, Sui and T'ang China 589-906, Part I, ISBN 0-521-21446-7, vol.3, Cambridge University Press 
  • Wang, Xiaofu (1992), History of the Political Relationship Between the Tang, Tibetans, and Arabs, Beijing daxue chubanshe 
  • Wang, Zhenping (2013), Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War, University of Hawaii Press 
  • Wilkinson, Endymion (2015). Chinese History: A New Manual, 4th edition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center distributed by Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674088467 
  • Wriggins, Sally Hovey (2004), The Silk Road Journey With Xuanzang, Westview Press 
  • Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2000), Sui-Tang Chang'an: A Study in the Urban History of Late Medieval China (Michigan Monographs in Chinese Studies), ISBN 0892641371, U OF M CENTER FOR CHINESE STUDIES 
  • Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009), Historical Dictionary of Medieval China, ISBN 0810860538, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc. 
  • Xu, Elina-Qian (2005), HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRE-DYNASTIC KHITAN, Institute for Asian and African Studies 7 
  • Xue, Zongzheng (1992), Turkic peoples, 中国社会科学出版社 
  • Yuan, Shu (2001), Bóyángbǎn Tōngjiàn jìshìběnmò 28 dìèrcìhuànguánshídài 柏楊版通鑑記事本末28第二次宦官時代, ISBN 957-32-4273-7, Yuǎnliú chūbǎnshìyè gǔfèn yǒuxiàn gōngsī 
  • Zhang, Guangda (1995), Xiyu shidi conggao chubian (Collected Drafts on the Historical Geography of the Western Regions, Vol. 1), Shanghai guji chubanshe 

Read other articles:

هذه المقالة تحتاج للمزيد من الوصلات للمقالات الأخرى للمساعدة في ترابط مقالات الموسوعة. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة وصلات إلى المقالات المتعلقة بها الموجودة في النص الحالي. (مارس 2023) هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إ...

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع تصوف (توضيح). جزء من سلسلة مقالات حولالتصوف المفاهيم الشهادتان الصلاة الصوم الحج الزكاة الطهارة الشعر الصوفي علم النفس الصوفي الأبدال الإحسان الإنسان الكامل اللطائف الستة البقاء الدرويش الذوق السالك السلسلة العرفان العشق الفقير الفلسفة الصوفية ال

Zaza–GoraniPersebaranIrak, Iran, TurkiPenggolonganbahasaIndo-EropaIndo-IranIranIran BaratIran Barat Laut[1][2][3]Zaza–GoraniSubcabang Zaza Gorani Shabaki Kode bahasaGlottologtati1243  (Zaza-Gorani) Portal Bahasa L • B • PWBantuan penggunaan templat ini Rumpun bahasa Zaza–Gorani adalah cabang dari rumpun bahasa Iran Barat Laut. Meskipun dituturkan oleh sebagian masyarakat Kurdi sebagai bahasa ibu, tetapi kelompok tersebut secara linguistik ...

Lunar Sample Receiving LaboratoryHistoireFondation 1979CadreType Laboratoire, entrepôtDomaine d'activité Géologie de la LuneSiège Centre spatial Lyndon B. JohnsonPays États-UnisCoordonnées 29° 33′ 34″ N, 95° 05′ 00″ OOrganisationOrganisation mère NASAmodifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata Le Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility ou LSLF est un centre de l'agence spatiale américaine, la NASA, dans lequel sont conservés et étudiés la majeur...

كرس آل هوايشه (جيزان) كرس آل هوايشه (جازان)علم المملكة العربية السعودية كرس آل هوايشه (جازان)شعار المملكة العربية السعودية سيفين ونخلة تقسيم إداري البلد  السعودية العاصمة الرياض المنطقة جيزان المحافظة محافظة أحد المسارحة المدينة أحد المسارحة البلدية بلدية محافظة أحد الم

Kerk van Ekshärad Plaats Ekshärad, Zweden Coördinaten 60° 10′ NB, 13° 30′ OL Gebouwd in 1688 Architectuur Architect(en) Anders Larsson Rankings Portaal    Christendom De kerk van Ekshärad staat in de Zweedse plaats Ekshärad. De houten kerk werd geopend in 1688. De vorige kerk stamde uit de vroege middeleeuwen. In 1686 werd begonnen met de bouw van de nieuwe kerk onder leiding van de Filipstadse Anders Larsson Rankings. In 1688 werd de bouw afgerond. Het inter...

Nama ini menggunakan cara penamaan Spanyol: nama keluarga pertama atau paternalnya adalah Villalobos dan nama keluarga kedua atau maternalnya adalah Vélez. Lupe VélezFoto publisitas RKO, 1941LahirMaría Guadalupe Villalobos Vélez(1908-07-18)18 Juli 1908San Luis Potosí City, San Luis Potosí, MeksikoMeninggal14 Desember 1944(1944-12-14) (umur 36)Glendale, California, Amerika SerikatSebab meninggalBunuh diri (overdosis sekonal)MakamPanteón de Dolores, Mexico City, NeksikoPek...

Castle in Terena, Alandroal, Portugal Castle of TerenaCastelo de TerenaÉvora, Alentejo Central, Alentejo in PortugalPortion of the Keep and walls of the Castle of TerenaTypeCastleSite informationOwnerPortuguese RepublicOperatorDRC Alentejo (Dispatch 829/2009; DR, Série 2/163, 24 August 2009)Open tothe publicPublicSite historyBuiltc. 1262MaterialsStone masonry, Brick, Tiles, Wood The Castle of Terena is a castle in the civil parish of Terena in the municipality of Alandroal in...

Мапа розташування Ліхтенштейну До списку лускокрилих Ліхтенштейну віднесено денних метеликів і молі, що були зареєстровані у Ліхтенштейні. Згідно з останніми оцінками, існує 721 видів лускокрилих, що зустрічаються на території Ліхтенштейну. Зміст 1 Метелики 1.1 Hesperiidae 1.2 Lyc...

Field howitzer 122 mm howitzer M1909/37 122 mm howitzer M1909/37 in Hämeenlinna Artillery Museum.Typefield howitzerPlace of originUSSRProduction historyNo. builtup to 900SpecificationsMasscombat: 1,450 kg(3,197 lbs)travel: 2,480 kg(5,467 lbs)Barrel lengthoveral:1.69 m (5 ft 7 in) L/14Shell122 x 261mmRCaliber121.92 mm (4.8 in)BreechHorizontal sliding-blockRecoilHydro-springCarriageBox trailElevation-1° to 43°Traverse4°Rate of fire2 rounds per mi...

Programma delle Nazioni Unite per gli insediamenti umani(EN) United Nations Human Settlements Programme(FR) Programme des Nations unies pour les établissements humains(ES) Programa de Naciones Unidas para los Asentamientos Humanos Bandiera del Programma per gli Insediamenti Umani AbbreviazioneUN-HABITAT Tipoagenzia dell'Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite Fondazione1978 Scopopromozione di un'urbanizzazione socialmente ed ambientalmente sostenibile Sede centrale Nairobi Area di azione129 Stati...

Building in Liverpool, EnglandLiverpool Magistrates' CourtsMagistrates' CourtsGeneral informationTown or cityLiverpoolCountry EnglandCoordinates53°24′33″N 2°59′09″W / 53.4092°N 2.9858°W / 53.4092; -2.9858Construction started1857; 166 years ago (1857)Completed1859; 164 years ago (1859)ClientHis Majesty's Courts Service The Magistrates' Courts is a building on Dale Street, Liverpool used for magistrates' court hearings...

Godfrey de Courcelles ChevalierBorn(1889-03-07)March 7, 1889Providence, Rhode IslandDiedNovember 14, 1922(1922-11-14) (aged 33)Norfolk, VirginiaAllegianceUnited States of AmericaService/branchUnited States NavyYears of service1907-1922RankLieutenant CommanderCommands heldNaval Air Station Dunkerque, FranceBattles/warsWorld War I Western Front (World War I) AwardsDistinguished Service MedalCroix de Guerre An Aeromarine 39B piloted by Chevalier is seen just before it touches down on t...

Gedung perkumpulan Himpunan Bersatu Teguh di Kota Bukittinggi Tionghoa Bukittinggi adalah orang-orang dengan etnis Tionghoa yang bertempat tinggal di Kota Bukittingi, Sumatera Barat. Kota Bukittinggi sendiri memiliki penduduk dengan beragam etnis seperti Minangkabau, Tionghoa, India, Jawa dan Batak. Sejarah Awal kedatangan masyarakat Tionghoa di Bukittinggi belum diketahui tahun pastinya, tetapi pada masa pemerintahan kolonial Belanda sudah ditetapkan perkampungan untuk etnis Tionghoa, tepatn...

Fictional character ShoggothCthulhu Mythos characterAn artist's rendition of a shoggothFirst appearanceAt the Mountains of MadnessCreated byH. P. LovecraftIn-universe informationAliasShaggoth A shoggoth (occasionally shaggoth[1]) is a fictional monster in the Cthulhu Mythos. The beings were mentioned in passing in H. P. Lovecraft's sonnet cycle Fungi from Yuggoth (1929–30), and later mentioned in other works, before being described in detail in his novella At the Mountains of Madnes...

Railway station in Toronto, Ontario, Canada This article is about the railway station in Toronto. For the subway station, see Eglinton station. For other uses, see Eglinton station (disambiguation). EglintonGeneral informationLocation2995 Eglinton Avenue EastToronto, OntarioCanadaCoordinates43°44′23″N 79°13′54″W / 43.73972°N 79.23167°W / 43.73972; -79.23167Owned byMetrolinxPlatforms2 side platformsTracks3Connections GO buses TTC busesConstructionStructure t...

1949–1953 meeting of the Philippine legislature 2nd Congress of the PhilippinesDecember 30, 1949 – December 8, 1953PresidentElpidio QuirinoVice PresidentCarlos P. GarcíaSenateSenate President Mariano Jesús CuencoQuintin B. ParedesCamilo OsíasEulogio A. Rodriguez, Sr.Camilo OsíasJosé ZuluetaEulogio A. Rodriguez, Sr.Senate Presidentpro temporeQuintin B. ParedesEsteban R. AbadaManuel C. BrionesJosé ZuluetaManuel C. BrionesMajority leaderTomas L. CabiliMinority leaderCarlos P. ...

この記事は広告・宣伝活動のような記述内容になっています。ウィキペディアの方針に沿った中立的な観点の記述内容に、この記事を修正してください。露骨な広告宣伝活動には{{即時削除/全般4}}を使用して、即時削除の対象とすることができます。(2022年9月) この記事の主題はウィキペディアにおける独立記事作成の目安を満たしていないおそれがあ...

2011 film by Vetrimaaran AadukalamTheatrical release posterDirected byVetrimaranScreenplay byVetrimaaranAdditional screenplay:Vikram SugumaranStory byVetrimaaran Dialogues byVetrimaaranVikram Sugumaran Produced byS. KathiresanStarring Dhanush Tapsee Pannu Kishore V. I. S. Jayapalan Naren Murugadoss CinematographyVelrajEdited byKishore Te.Music byG. V. Prakash KumarProductioncompanies Group Companys Five Star Films Distributed bySun PicturesRelease date 14 January 2011 (2011-01-...

2020 mixtape by Lil WayneNo Ceilings 3Mixtape by Lil WayneReleasedA Side: November 27, 2020B Side: December 18, 2020Recorded2020LengthA Side: 61:39B Side: 41:26LabelYoung MoneyLil Wayne chronology Funeral(2020) No Ceilings 3(2020) Trust Fund Babies(2021) No Ceilings 3 is a double disc mixtape by American rapper Lil Wayne, hosted by DJ Khaled. The A Side was released on November 27, 2020.[1] It features guest appearances from Drake, Young Thug, Gudda Gudda, Euro, Cory Gunz, Hoo...

Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya