Paradoxo de Faraday

Michael Faraday

O paradoxo Faraday ou paradoxo de Faraday é qualquer experimento em que a lei da indução eletromagnética de Michael Faraday parece prever um resultado incorreto. Os paradoxos se enquadram em duas classes:

  • A lei de Faraday prevê que haverá força eletromotriz (FEM) zero, mas existe um FEM diferente de zero.
  • A lei de Faraday prevê que haverá um FEM diferente de zero, mas existe um FEM zero.

Faraday deduziu a sua lei de indução em 1831, após inventar o primeiro gerador eletromagnético ou dínamo, mas nunca ficou satisfeito com sua própria explicação do paradoxo.

Lei de Faraday comparada com a equação de Maxwell-Faraday

A lei de Faraday (também conhecida como lei de Faraday-Lenz ) afirma que a força eletromotriz (FEM) é dada pela derivada total do fluxo magnético em relação ao tempo t :

onde é o FEM e Φ B é o fluxo magnético através de um espiral de fio. A direção da força eletromotriz é dada pela lei de Lenz . Um fato frequentemente esquecido é que a lei de Faraday se baseia na derivada total, e não na derivada parcial, do fluxo magnético. Isto significa que um FEM pode ser gerado mesmo que o fluxo total através da superfície seja constante. Para superar esse problema, técnicas especiais podem ser utilizadas. Veja abaixo a seção Uso de técnicas especiais com a lei de Faraday .

No entanto, a interpretação mais comum da lei de Faraday é que:

A força eletromotriz induzida em qualquer circuito fechado é igual ao negativo da taxa de variação temporal do fluxo magnético fechado pelo circuito.[1][2]

Esta versão da lei de Faraday é estritamente válida apenas quando o circuito fechado é um laço de fio infinitamente fino, [3] e é inválida em outras circunstâncias. Ignora o fato de que a lei de Faraday é definida pela derivada total, e não parcial, do fluxo magnético e também o fato de que os campos eletromagnéticos não estão necessariamente confinados a um caminho fechado, mas também podem ter componentes radiais, conforme discutido abaixo. Uma versão diferente, a equação de Maxwell-Faraday (discutida abaixo), é válida em todas as circunstâncias e, quando usada em conjunto com a lei da força de Lorentz, é consistente com a aplicação correta da lei de Faraday.

Referências

  1. "Faraday's Law, which states that the electromotive force around a closed path is equal to the negative of the time rate of change of magnetic flux enclosed by the path"Jordan, Edward; Balmain, Keith G. (1968). Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems 2nd ed. [S.l.]: Prentice-Hall. p. 100 
  2. "The magnetic flux is that flux which passes through any and every surface whose perimeter is the closed path"Hayt, William (1989). Engineering Electromagnetics 5th ed. [S.l.]: McGraw-Hill. p. 312. ISBN 0-07-027406-1 
  3. "The flux rule" is the terminology that Feynman uses to refer to the law relating magnetic flux to EMF.Richard Phillips Feynman, Leighton R B & Sands M L (2006). The Feynman Lectures on Physics. San Francisco: Pearson/Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-8053-9049-9 

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