País de Gales no início da Idade Média

O País de Gales no início da Idade Média abrange o período desde a saída dos romanos do País de Gales (c. 383) até a subida de Merfyn Frych ao trono do Reino de Venedócia (c. 825). Naquela época, houve uma consolidação gradual do poder em reinos cada vez mais hierárquicos. O fim do início da Idade Média foi a época em que a Língua galesa fez a transição do galês primitivo falado ao longo da era para o galês antigo, e a época em que a moderna fronteira entre Inglaterra e Gales tomaria sua forma quase final, uma linha amplamente seguida por Dique de Ofa, uma terraplenagem do final do século VIII. A unificação bem-sucedida em algo reconhecível como um estado galês viria na próxima era sob os descendentes de Merfyn Frych.

Geografia

Reinos galeses pós-romanos.

A área total do País de Gales é de 20 735 quilômetros quadrados,[1] que representa cerca de 9% da área da Grã-Bretanha. Grande parte da paisagem é montanhosa, marcada pela ausência de árvores e o habitat predominante é a charneca, além de haver áreas com depósitos vastos de turfa. Existem aproximadamente 1 200 quilômetros (746 mi) da linha costeira[2] e cerca de 50 ilhas offshore, a maior das quais é Anglesey. O clima atual é úmido e marítimo, com verões quentes e invernos amenos,[3] muito parecido com o clima medieval posterior, embora tenha havido uma mudança significativa para condições mais frias e muito mais úmidas no início da era.[4][nota 1]

Economia

Muitas das terras cultiváveis estão a sul, sudeste, sudoeste, em Anglesey e ao longo da costa. No entanto, especificar o uso antigo da terra é problemático, pois há poucos sinais remanescentes nas quais basear as estimativas. O desmatamento da floresta ocorre desde a Idade do Ferro, e não se sabe como o antigo povo de Gales determinava o melhor uso da terra para suas circunstâncias particulares,[5] como em sua preferência por trigo, aveia, centeio ou cevada, dependendo na precipitação, estação de crescimento, temperatura e as características da terra em que viviam. Anglesey é a exceção, historicamente produzindo mais grãos do que qualquer outra parte do País de Gales.[6]

Notas

  1. The same change in climate was occurring around the entire North Sea perphery at this time. See Higham's Rome, Britain and the Anglo-Saxons (ISBN 1-85264-022-7, 1992): cooler, wetter climate and abandonment of British uplands and marginal lands; Berglund's Human impact and climate changes—synchronous events and a causal link? in "Quaternary International", Vol. 105 (2003): Scandinavia, 500AD wetter and rapidly cooling climate and the retreat of agriculture; Ejstrud's The Migration Period, Southern Denmark and the North Sea (ISBN 978-87-992214-1-7, 2008): p28, from the 6th century onwards farmlands in Denmark and Norway were abandoned; Issar's Climate changes during the holocene and their impact on Hydrological systems (ISBN 978-0-511-06118-9, 2003): water level rise along NW coast of Europe, wetter conditions in Scandinavia and retreat of farming in Norway after 400, cooler climate in Scotland; Louwe Kooijmans' Archaeology and Coastal Change in the Netherlands (in Archaeology and Coastal Change, 1980): rising water levels along the NW coast of Europe; Louwe Kooijmans' The Rhine/Meuse Delta (PhD thesis, 1974): rising water levels along the NW coast of Europe, and in the Fens and Humber Estuary. Abundant material from other sources portrays the same information.

Referências

  1. «Wales: History, Geography, Facts, & Points of Interest» (em inglês). Encyclopedia Britannica. Consultado em 4 de março de 2021 
  2. «Review and evaluation of heritage coasts in England» (PDF). Countryside Agency. naturalengland.org.uk. 10 de fevereiro de 2012 
  3. «Met Office: Regional Climate: Wales». Met Office website. Met Office. 2010. Consultado em 26 de setembro de 2010 
  4. Davies 1982, pp. 5–9.
  5. Davies 1990, pp. 1–15.
  6. Davies 1982, pp. 5–12.

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