Numeração Āryabhaṭa

A numeração de Ariabata (criada pelo matemático indiano de mesmo nome) é um sistema de numeração baseado em fonemas em sânscrito. Ele foi introduzido no século VI antecipada por Ariabata, no primeiro capítulo intitulado Gitika Padam de sua Ariabatiia. Ela atribui um valor numérico a cada sílaba da forma consoante + vogal possível na fonologia sânscrito, de ka = 1 até hau = 1018.

Tabela da Numeração Āryabhaṭa

História

A formação desse sistema numérico é descrita assim no Ariabata , 2º parágrafo, 1° capítulo.

"Um grupo de letras (Varga) para Ka Ma estão a ser colocados nos lugares varga (quadrado) (lugares 1, 100, 10000, etc ...) e cartas Avarga como Ya, Ra, La .. têm de ser colocados em lugares avarga (lugares 10, 1000, etc ...)".

As letras Varga 'Ka' para 'Ma' têm valor de 1,2,3 .. até 25 letras e Avarga 'Ya' para 'Ha' têm valor 30,40,50 .. até 100. Nas letras Varga e Avarga, para além da nona vogal (posição), novos símbolos podem ser utilizados.

Os valores para as vogais são as seguintes: i = 100; u = 10000, ru = 1000000 e assim por diante.

Ariabata usava essa numeração para representar quantidades desde muito pequenas até muito grandes, pois fazia muitos cálculos matemáticos e mesmo astronômicos. Este sistema pode ainda ser usado para representar frações. Exemplo:nga é 1/5, nja é 1/10 e Jhardam (JAI = 9; sua metade) = 4 1/2.

Exemplo

Exemplo:  299,792,458
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108
85, 42, 97, 99, 2
जल घिनि झुशु झृसृ खॄ
ja-la ghi-ni jhu-śu jhṛ-sṛ khḷ

A ordem dos dígitos é inversa da usada hoje:, pois a sequência tradicional indiana de dígitos é invertida em relação à nossa. Por conseqüência, Ariabata começou (da esquerda para a direita) com unidades antes das dezenas, depois centenas e milhares e, depois, a miríade (o lakh= 10.000), etc.

Tabela de Números

O   33 × 9  =  297   Alfabeto Sânscrito Numérico em sílabas
Nove vogais ou sílabas   -a -i -u - - -e -ai -o -au  
         
    ×     10 0   10 2   10 4   10 6   10 8   1010   1012   1014   1016  
Cinco consoantes velares oclusivas                      
k - 1  
ka
कि
ki
कु
ku
कृ
kṛ
कॄ
kḷ
के
ke
कै
kai
को
ko
कौ
kau
 
kh - 2  
kha
खि
khi
खु
khu
खृ
khṛ
खॄ
khḷ
खे
khe
खै
khai
खो
kho
खौ
khau
 
g - 3  
ga
गि
gi
गु
gu
गृ
gṛ
गॄ
gḷ
गे
ge
गै
gai
गो
go
गौ
gau
 
gh - 4  
gha
घि
ghi
घु
ghu
घृ
ghṛ
घॄ
ghḷ
घे
ghe
घै
ghai
घो
gho
घौ
ghau
 
- 5  
ṅa
ङि
ṅi
ङु
ṅu
ङृ
ṅṛ
ङॄ
ṅḷ
ङे
ṅe
ङै
ṅai
ङो
ṅo
ङौ
ṅau
 
Cinco palatais oclusivas                      
c - 6  
ca
चि
ci
चु
cu
चृ
cṛ
चॄ
cḷ
चे
ce
चै
cai
चो
co
चौ
cau
 
ch - 7  
cha
छि
chi
छु
chu
छृ
chṛ
छॄ
chḷ
छे
che
छै
chai
छो
cho
छौ
chau
 
j - 8  
ja
जि
ji
जु
ju
जृ
jṛ
जॄ
jḷ
जे
je
जै
jai
जो
jo
जौ
jau
 
jh - 9  
jha
झि
jhi
झु
jhu
झृ
jhṛ
झॄ
jhḷ
झे
jhe
झै
jhai
झो
jho
झौ
jhau
 
ñ - 10  
ña
ञि
ñi
ञु
ñu
ञृ
ñṛ
ञॄ
ñḷ
ञे
ñe
ञै
ñai
ञो
ño
ञौ
ñau
 
Cinco retroflexas oclusivas                      
- 11  
ṭa
टि
ṭi
टु
ṭu
टृ
ṭṛ
टॄ
ṭḷ
टे
ṭe
टै
ṭai
टो
ṭo
टौ
ṭau
 
ṭh - 12  
ṭha
ठि
ṭhi
ठु
ṭhu
ठृ
ṭhṛ
ठॄ
ṭhḷ
ठे
ṭhe
ठै
ṭhai
ठो
ṭho
ठौ
ṭhau
 
- 13  
ḍa
डि
ḍi
डु
ḍu
डृ
ḍṛ
डॄ
ḍḷ
डे
ḍe
डै
ḍai
डो
ḍo
डौ
ḍau
 
ḍh - 14  
ḍha
ढि
ḍhi
ढु
ḍhu
ढृ
ḍhṛ
ढॄ
ḍhḷ
ढे
ḍhe
ढै
ḍhai
ढो
ḍho
ढौ
ḍhau
 
- 15  
ṇa
णि
ṇi
णु
ṇu
णृ
ṇṛ
णॄ
ṇḷ
णे
ṇe
णै
ṇai
णो
ṇo
णौ
ṇau
 
Cinco dentais oclusivas                      
t - 16  
ta
ति
ti
तु
tu
तृ
tṛ
तॄ
tḷ
ते
te
तै
tai
तो
to
तौ
tau
 
th - 17  
tha
थि
thi
थु
thu
थृ
thṛ
थॄ
thḷ
थे
the
थै
thai
थो
tho
थौ
thau
 
d - 18  
da
दि
di
दु
du
दृ
dṛ
दॄ
dḷ
दे
de
दै
dai
दो
do
दौ
dau
 
dh - 19  
dha
धि
dhi
धु
dhu
धृ
dhṛ
धॄ
dhḷ
धे
dhe
धै
dhai
धो
dho
धौ
dhau
 
n - 20  
na
नि
ni
नु
nu
नृ
nṛ
नॄ
nḷ
ने
ne
नै
nai
नो
no
नौ
nau
 
Cinco labiais oclusivas                      
p - 21  
pa
पि
pi
पु
pu
पृ
pṛ
पॄ
pḷ
पे
pe
पै
pai
पो
po
पौ
pau
 
ph - 22  
pha
फि
phi
फु
phu
फृ
phṛ
फॄ
phḷ
फे
phe
फै
phai
फो
pho
फौ
phau
 
b - 23  
ba
बि
bi
बु
bu
बृ
bṛ
बॄ
bḷ
बे
be
बै
bai
बो
bo
बौ
bau
 
bh - 24  
bha
भि
bhi
भु
bhu
भृ
bhṛ
भॄ
bhḷ
भे
bhe
भै
bhai
भो
bho
भौ
bhau
 
m - 25  
ma
मि
mi
मु
mu
मृ
mṛ
मॄ
mḷ
मे
me
मै
mai
मो
mo
मौ
mau
 
Quatro aproximantes ou vibrantes                      
y - 30  
ya
यि
yi
यु
yu
यृ
yṛ
यॄ
yḷ
ये
ye
यै
yai
यो
yo
यौ
yau
 
r - 40  
ra
रि
ri
रु
ru
रृ
rṛ
रॄ
rḷ
रे
re
रै
rai
रो
ro
रौ
rau
 
l - 50  
la
लि
li
लु
lu
लृ
lṛ
लॄ
lḷ
ले
le
लै
lai
लो
lo
लौ
lau
 
v - 60  
va
वि
vi
वु
vu
वृ
vṛ
वॄ
vḷ
वे
ve
वै
vai
वो
vo
वौ
vau
 
Três coronais fricativas                      
ś - 70  
śa
शि
śi
शु
śu
शृ
śṛ
शॄ
śḷ
शे
śe
शै
śai
शो
śo
शौ
śau
 
- 80  
ṣa
षि
ṣi
षु
ṣu
षृ
ṣṛ
षॄ
ṣḷ
षे
ṣe
षै
ṣai
षो
ṣo
षौ
ṣau
 
s - 90  
sa
सि
si
सु
su
सृ
sṛ
सॄ
sḷ
से
se
सै
sai
सो
so
सौ
sau
 
Um glotal fricativa                      
h - 100  
ha
हि
hi
हु
hu
हृ
hṛ
हॄ
hḷ
हे
he
है
hai
हो
ho
हौ
hau
 
                           


Referências

  • Kurt Elfering: Die Mathematik des Aryabhata I. Text, Übersetzung aus dem Sanskrit und Kommentar. Wilhelm Fink Verlag, München, 1975, ISBN 3-7705-1326-6
  • Georges Ifrah: The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2000, ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  • B. L. van der Waerden: Erwachende Wissenschaft. Ägyptische, babylonische und griechische Mathematik. Birkhäuser-Verlag, Basel Stuttgart, 1966, ISBN 3-764-30399-9

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