O negacionismo do genocídio armênio é a alegação de que o Império Otomano e seu partido no poder, o Comitê de União e Progresso (CUP), não cometeram genocídio contra seus cidadãos armênios durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial — um crime documentado em um grande corpo de evidências e confirmado pela grande maioria dos estudiosos.[2][3] Os perpetradores negaram o genocídio enquanto o realizavam, alegando que os armênios foram reassentados por motivos militares, não exterminados. Após o genocídio, documentos incriminadores foram sistematicamente destruídos e a negação tem sido a política de todos os governos da República da Turquia.
Tomando emprestados os argumentos usados pelo CUP para justificar suas ações, a negação se baseia na suposição de que a "realocação" de armênios foi uma ação legítima do Estado em resposta a um levante armênio real ou percebido que ameaçava a existência de o império durante a guerra. Negadores afirmam que o CUP pretendia reassentar os armênios em vez de matá-los. Eles afirmam que o número de mortos é exagerado ou atribuem as mortes a outros fatores, como suposta guerra civil, doença, mau tempo, funcionários locais desonestos ou bandos de curdos e foragidos. Portanto, o principal argumento é que "Não houve genocídio, e os armênios foram os culpados por isso."[4] A negação é geralmente acompanhada por "retórica de traição, agressão, criminalidade e ambição territorial armênia".[5]
Uma das razões mais importantes para essa negação é que o genocídio permitiu o estabelecimento de um Estado-nação turco. O reconhecimento iria contradizer os mitos fundadores da Turquia.[6] Desde a década de 1920, a Turquia tem trabalhado para prevenir reconhecimento oficial ou mesmo a menção do genocídio em outros países; esses esforços incluíram milhões de dólares gastos em lobby, na criação de institutos de pesquisa e em intimidação e ameaças. A negação também afeta as políticas domésticas da Turquia e é ensinada nas escolas turcas; alguns cidadãos turcos que reconhecem o genocídio enfrentaram processo por "insultar o turco". O esforço de um século do Estado turco para negar o genocídio o diferencia de outros casos de genocídio na história.[7] O Azerbaijão também nega o genocídio e faz campanha contra seu reconhecimento internacional. A maioria dos cidadãos turcos e partidos políticos na Turquia apóia a política de negação do estado. A negação do genocídio contribui para o conflito de Nagorno-Karabakh, bem como para a violência contra os curdos em curso na Turquia.
Marchand, Laure; Perrier, Guillaume (2015). Turkey and the Armenian Ghost: On the Trail of the Genocide (em inglês). [S.l.]: McGill-Queen's Press. pp. 111–112. ISBN978-0-7735-9720-4. The Iğdır genocide monument is the ultimate caricature of the Turkish government's policy of denying the 1915 genocide by rewriting history and transforming victims into guilty parties.
Laycock, Jo (2016). «The Great Catastrophe». Patterns of Prejudice. 50 (3): 311–313. doi:10.1080/0031322X.2016.1195548. ... important developments in the historical research on the genocide over the last fifteen years... have left no room for doubt that the treatment of the Ottoman Armenians constituted genocide according to the United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide.
Kasbarian, Sossie; Öktem, Kerem (2016). «One Hundred Years Later: the Personal, the Political and the Historical in Four New Books on the Armenian Genocide». Caucasus Survey. 4 (1): 92–104. doi:10.1080/23761199.2015.1129787. ... the denialist position has been largely discredited in the international academy. Recent scholarship has overwhelmingly validated the Armenian Genocide...
Kieser, Hans-Lukas; Öktem, Kerem; Reinkowski, Maurus (2015). «Introduction». World War I and the End of the Ottomans: From the Balkan Wars to the Armenian Genocide (em inglês). [S.l.]: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN978-0-85772-744-2. We are of the firm opinion, strengthened by the contributions in this volume, that the single most important reason for this inability to accept culpability is the centrality of the Armenian massacres for the formation of the Turkish nation-state. The deeper collective psychology within which this sentiment rests assumes that any move toward acknowledging culpability will put the very foundations of the Turkish nation-state at risk and will lead to its steady demise.
Smith, Roger W. (2006). «The Significance of the Armenian Genocide after Ninety Years». Genocide Studies and Prevention. 1 (2): i–iv. doi:10.3138/G614-6623-M16G-3648. The Armenian Genocide, in fact, illuminates with special clarity the dangers inherent in the political manipulation of truth through distortion, denial, intimidation, and economic blackmail. In no other instance has a government gone to such extreme lengths to deny that a massive genocide took place.
Tatz, Colin (2018). «Why is the Armenian Genocide not as well known?». In: Bartrop, Paul R. Modern Genocide: Analyzing the Controversies and Issues (em inglês). [S.l.]: ABC-CLIO. p. 71. ISBN978-1-4408-6468-1. Uniquely, the entire apparatus of a nation-state has been put to work to amend, ameliorate, deflect, defuse, deny, equivocate, justify, obfuscate, or simply omit the events. No other nation in history has so aggressively sought the suppression of a slice of its history, threatening everything from breaking off diplomatic or trade relations, to closure of air bases, to removal of entries on the subject in international encyclopedias.
Avedian, Vahagn (2018). Knowledge and Acknowledgement in the Politics of Memory of the Armenian Genocide (em inglês). [S.l.]: Routledge. ISBN978-0-429-84515-4
de Waal, Thomas (2015). Great Catastrophe: Armenians and Turks in the Shadow of Genocide (em inglês). [S.l.]: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-935069-8
MacDonald, David B. (2008). Identity Politics in the Age of Genocide: The Holocaust and Historical Representation (em inglês). [S.l.]: Routledge. ISBN978-1-134-08572-9
Suciyan, Talin (2015). The Armenians in Modern Turkey: Post-Genocide Society, Politics and History (em inglês). [S.l.]: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN978-0-85772-773-2
Cheterian, Vicken (2018a). «Censorship, Indifference, Oblivion: the Armenian Genocide and Its Denial». Truth, Silence, and Violence in Emerging States. Histories of the Unspoken (em inglês). [S.l.]: Routledge. pp. 188–214. ISBN978-1-351-14112-3
Chorbajian, Levon (2016). «'They Brought It on Themselves and It Never Happened': Denial to 1939». The Armenian Genocide Legacy (em inglês). [S.l.]: Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 167–182. ISBN978-1-137-56163-3
Hovannisian, Richard G. (2001). «Denial: The Armenian Genocide as a Prototype». Remembering for the Future: The Holocaust in an Age of Genocide (em inglês). [S.l.]: Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 796–812. ISBN978-1-349-66019-3
Lattanzi, Flavia (2018). «The Armenian Massacres as the Murder of a Nation?». The Armenian Massacres of 1915–1916 a Hundred Years Later: Open Questions and Tentative Answers in International Law (em inglês). [S.l.]: Springer International Publishing. pp. 27–104. ISBN978-3-319-78169-3
Robertson, Geoffrey (2016). «Armenia and the G-word: The Law and the Politics». The Armenian Genocide Legacy (em inglês). [S.l.]: Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 69–83. ISBN978-1-137-56163-3
Bilali, Rezarta (2013). «National Narrative and Social Psychological Influences in Turks' Denial of the Mass Killings of Armenians as Genocide: Understanding Denial». Journal of Social Issues. 69 (1): 16–33. doi:10.1111/josi.12001
Dadrian, Vahakn N. (2003). «The Signal Facts Surrounding the Armenian Genocide and the Turkish Denial Syndrome». Journal of Genocide Research. 5 (2): 269–279. doi:10.1080/14623520305671
Demirel, Cagla; Eriksson, Johan (2020). «Competitive Victimhood and Reconciliation: the Case of Turkish–Armenian Relations». Identities. 27 (5): 537–556. doi:10.1080/1070289X.2019.1611073
Erbal, Ayda (2015). «The Armenian Genocide, AKA the Elephant in the Room». International Journal of Middle East Studies. 47 (4): 783–790. doi:10.1017/S0020743815000987
Finkel, Evgeny (2010). «In Search of Lost Genocide: Historical Policy and International Politics in Post-1989 Eastern Europe». Global Society. 24 (1): 51–70. doi:10.1080/13600820903432027
Gürpınar, Doğan (2013). «Historical Revisionism vs. Conspiracy Theories: Transformations of Turkish Historical Scholarship and Conspiracy Theories as a Constitutive Element in Transforming Turkish Nationalism». Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies. 15 (4): 412–433. doi:10.1080/19448953.2013.844588
Gürpınar, Doğan (2016). «The Manufacturing of Denial: the Making of the Turkish 'Official Thesis' on the Armenian Genocide Between 1974 and 1990». Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies. 18 (3): 217–240. doi:10.1080/19448953.2016.1176397
Gutman, David (2015). «Ottoman Historiography and the End of the Genocide Taboo: Writing the Armenian Genocide into Late Ottoman History». Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association. 2 (1). 167 páginas. doi:10.2979/jottturstuass.2.1.167
Hovannisian, Richard G. (2015). «Denial of the Armenian Genocide 100 Years Later: The New Practitioners and Their Trade». Genocide Studies International. 9 (2): 228–247. doi:10.3138/gsi.9.2.04
Kaligian, Dikran (2014). «Anatomy of Denial: Manipulating Sources and Manufacturing a Rebellion». Genocide Studies International. 8 (2): 208–223. doi:10.3138/gsi.8.2.06
Mamigonian, Marc A. (2015). «Academic Denial of the Armenian Genocide in American Scholarship: Denialism as Manufactured Controversy». Genocide Studies International. 9 (1): 61–82. doi:10.3138/gsi.9.1.04
Smith, Roger W. (2015). «Introduction: The Ottoman Genocides of Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks». Genocide Studies International. 9 (1): 1–9. doi:10.3138/gsi.9.1.01
Turan, Ömer; Öztan, Güven Gürkan (2018). Devlet aklı ve 1915: Türkiye'de "Ermeni Meselesi" anlatısının inşası [Raison d'État and 1915: Turkey's "Armenian Question" and the Construction of Narratives] (em turco). [S.l.]: İletişim Yayınları. ISBN978-975-05-2349-6. Resumo divulgativo
Liezi Hanzi: 列子 Makna harfiah: [Tulisan] Master Lie Alih aksara Mandarin - Hanyu Pinyin: Lièzǐ - Wade-Giles: Lieh4-tzu3 Yue (Kantonis) - Romanisasi Yale: Liht-jí - Jyutping: Lit6-zi2 Kaligrafi karya Lieh Tzu Yang-chu, Bab - Kojima Soshin Liezi (Hanzi: 列子; Wade–Giles: Lieh-tzu) adalah kitab Taois yang menurut kisahnya ditulis oleh Lie Yukou, seorang filsuf abad ke-5 SM, pada masa Seratus Aliran Pemikiran, tetapi para sarjana Tiongkok dan Barat percaya bahwa kitab ini disus...
2nd Airlift SquadronC-130s taxiing at Pope Army AirfieldActive1935–1945; 1992–2016Country United StatesBranch United States Air ForceRoleAirliftPart ofAir Mobility CommandNickname(s)Lancers[citation needed]EngagementsChina-Burma-India Theater[1]DecorationsDistinguished Unit Citation[1]Insignia2nd Airlift Squadron emblem[1][note 1]2nd Troop Carrier Squadron emblem (approved 5 May 1942[2]Military unit The 2nd Airlift Squadron is...
Seated cashiers at a supermarket in Ukraine, July 2019. Policies granting the right to be granted suitable seating at work The right to sit refers to laws or policies granting workers the right to be granted suitable seating at the workplace. Jurisdictions that have enshrined right to sit laws or policies include Mexico, France, Spain, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Jamaica, South Africa, Eswatini, Cameroon, Tanzania, Uganda, Lesotho, Malaysia, Brazil, Israel, Ireland, Zambia, Guyana, the Ind...
Haltestellen-Schild der Station Unfallkrankenhaus Meidling (63A) Der Busverkehr in Wien umfasst alle Stadtbus-, Regionalbus- und Flughafenbus-Linien im Stadtgebiet von Wien. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Stadtbus 1.1 Geschichte 1.2 Liniennetz 1.2.1 A- und B-Linien 1.2.2 Nachtbus (NightLine) 1.2.3 Rufbus 1.2.4 Anrufsammeltaxi (ASTax) 1.2.5 Sonderlinien 1.2.6 Regionalbuslinien 1.3 Fuhrpark 1.3.1 Wiener Linien 1.3.1.1 Autonome Busse 1.3.1.2 Citybusse 1.3.1.3 Normalbusse 1.3.1.4 Gelenkbusse 1.3.2 Dr. Rich...
Marugame丸亀市 Ciudad BanderaEscudo MarugameLocalización de Marugame en Japón Coordenadas 34°17′22″N 133°47′51″E / 34.289416666667, 133.79761111111Entidad Ciudad • País Japón • Región Shikoku • Prefectura KagawaDirigentes • Alcalde Masaharu KajiSuperficie • Total 111,79 km²Población (2019) • Total 109,338 hab. • Densidad 978 hab/km²Huso horario Hora estándar de Japón (UTC +9)...
American bus manufacturer This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article may contain excessive or inappropriate references to self-published sources. Please help improve it by removing references to unreliable sources where they are used inappropriately. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Some of this article's listed sources may not be reli...
Scottish architect Claude Waterlow Ferrier FRIBA (1879 – 6 July 1935) was a Scottish architect, who specialised in the Art Deco style. Life Ferrier was the only son of the physician and neurologist Sir David Ferrier, and a nephew (through his mother) of the painter Ernest Albert Waterlow.[1][2] Educated at Marlborough College, Ferrier started his career as an apprentice at the practice of Aston Webb, but left to start his own practice at the age of just 23.[2] Ferrie...
Esta página cita fontes, mas que não cobrem todo o conteúdo. Ajude a inserir referências. Conteúdo não verificável pode ser removido.—Encontre fontes: ABW • CAPES • Google (N • L • A) (Janeiro de 2023) SÉCULOS: Século XIX — Século XX — Século XXI DÉCADAS: 1930 • 1940 • 1950 • 1960 • 1970 • 1980 • 1990 • 2000 • 2010 • 2020 • 2030 ANOS: 1978 • 1979 • 1980 • 1981 • 1982 •...
Metzia lineata Status konservasiRisiko rendahIUCN181085 TaksonomiKerajaanAnimaliaFilumChordataKelasActinopteriOrdoCypriniformesFamiliCyprinidaeGenusMetziaSpesiesMetzia lineata Pellegrin, 1907 lbs Metzia lineata adalah sebuah spesies ikan cyprinid.[1][2] Spesies tersebut hidup di sungai-sungai kecil dan berukuran menengah di selatan Tiongkok, Taiwan, Laos, dan Vietnam dan dianggap kurang berresiko oleh IUCN Red List.[1] Spesies tersebut memiliki panjang standar maksimum...
Polymerization reaction among monomers suspended in a liquid IUPAC definition Polymerization in which polymer is formed in monomer, or monomer-solvent dropletsin a continuous phase that is a nonsolvent for both the monomer and the formed polymer. Note 1: In suspension polymerization, the initiator is located mainly in the monomer phase. Note 2: Monomer or monomer-solvent droplets in suspension polymerization havediameters usually exceeding 10 μm.[1] Light microscopic picture of a PMM...
2008 studio album by DarkaneDemonic ArtStudio album by DarkaneReleased24 October 2008RecordedFebruary–April 2008Not Quite Studio & Sensus Musikhuset, HelsingborgGenreMelodic death metal, thrash metalLength46:05LabelNuclear BlastMassacre RecordsProducerDarkaneDarkane chronology Layers of Lies(2005) Demonic Art(2008) Layers of Live(2010) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic linkSputnikmusic linkTerrorizer (Dec 2008) Demonic Art[1] is the fifth album by met...
Chief Justice of the Allahabad High Court Sir Shah Muhammad Sulaiman (3 February 1886 – 12 March 1941[1]) (popularly known as Sir Shah Sulaiman or Sir Sulaiman) was the Chief Justice of the Allahabad High Court from 16 March 1932 to 30 September 1937 and was the first Indian and one of the youngest to hold the post. Sulaiman was the Vice Chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University from 1938 to 1941.[2] Early life He was born into a distinguished family of lawyers and scientists ...
American actor (1913–1990) This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (July 2023) Howard DuffDuff in 1969BornHoward Green Duff(1913-11-24)November 24, 1913Charleston, Washington, U.S.DiedJuly 8, 1990(1990-07-08) (aged 76)Santa Barbara, California, U.S.OccupationActorYears active1947–1990Spouses Ida Lupino (...
1953 nuclear artillery test at the Nevada Test Site, United States Upshot–Knothole GrableInformationCountryUnited StatesTest seriesOperation Upshot–KnotholeTest siteNevada Test SiteDateMay 25, 1953Test typeAtmosphericYield15 ktTest chronology← Upshot-Knothole HarryUpshot-Knothole Climax → Upshot–Knothole Grable was a nuclear weapons test conducted by the United States as part of Operation Upshot–Knothole. Detonation of the nuclear weapon, a W9 warhead, occurred 1...
South Australian artist and sculptor Jessamine Buxton (left) and her sculpture student Jean Shephard, c.1933 Jessamine Victoria Alexandrine Buxton (1895–1966) was a South Australian artist and sculptor. Career Buxton was educated at Adelaide High School and won a scholarship to study at the South Australian Royal Society of Arts.[1] She later won a travelling scholarship but was not permitted to take it up by her father. She stayed in South Australia all her life and painted and exh...
American artist (1920–2003) Pete AlvaradoPam Martin and Pete Alvarado - Photo courtesy of Pam and Bob Martin.BornPeter J. Alvarado Jr.(1920-02-22)February 22, 1920Raton, New Mexico, United StatesDiedDecember 27, 2003(2003-12-27) (aged 83)La Crescenta, California, U.S.NationalityAmericanArea(s)Penciller, animator, illustratorPseudonym(s)Peter Jay, Bart DoeNotable worksTwo time Academy Award winner for best short subjectAwardsThe Animation Guild, I.A.T.S.E. Local 839 Golden Award for Ser...
Lambang partai Angkatan Kemenangan Umat Islam adalah partai politik Islam di Indonesia.[1] Partai ini berbasis di Madura.[2] Pada pemilihan umum tahun 1955, AKUI mendapatkan 81,454 suara (0.2% dari suara nasional). Satu anggota parlemen terpilih dari partai ini.[3] Referensi ^ Latif, Yudi. Inteligensia Muslim dan kuasa: genealogi inteligensia Muslim Indonesia abad ke-20. Bandung: Mizan, 2005. p. 417 ^ Bertrand, Jacques. Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict in Indonesia. Cam...
يشير الإصلاح التكنولوجي أو الإصلاح التقني أو الاختصار التكنولوجي، أو «إيجاد الحلول» إلى محاولة استخدام الهندسة أو التكنولوجيا لحل مشكلة ما (حدثت غالبًا بسبب عوائق تكنولوجية سابقة).[1] تعرف بعض مراجع الإصلاح التقني على أنه «محاولة لإصلاح خلل تكنولوجي عن طريق إجراء تغيي...