Lema do ping-pong

Em matemática, o lema do ping-pong (também conhecido como o lema da mesa de tênis ou lema de Macbeath) é um dos muitos métodos que permitem, através de uma ação de um grupo em um conjunto, concluir a existência de um produto livre de grupos (em alguns casos um grupo livre) como subgrupo do grupo dado.

História

O argumento por trás do lema do ping-pong remete ao século XIX e é geralmente atribuido[1] a Felix Klein quem o usou para o estudo de subgrupos de grupos Kleinianos , ou seja, subgrupos discretos do grupo de isometrias do espaço hiperbólico de dimensão 3 ou, de forma equivalente, transformações de Möbius da esfera de Riemann. O lema do ping-pong foi a ideia chave usada por Jacques Tits em seu artigo de 1972[2] contendo a demonstração do famoso resultado conhecido como alternativa de Tits. O resultado afirma que um grupo linear finitamente gerado é virtualmente solúvel ou contém um subgrupo livre de rank dois. O lema do ping-pong e suas variações são constantemente utilizados em topologia geométrica e teoria geométrica de grupos.

Versões modernas do lema do ping-pong podem ser vistas em vários livros como Lyndon&Schupp,[3] de la Harpe,[1] Bridson&Haefliger[4] e outros.

Descrição formal

Lema do ping-pong para vários subgrupos

Essa versão do lema do ping-pong enuncia que vários subgrupos de um grupo agindo em um conjunto geram um produto livre. O enunciado seguinte aparece em,[5] e a demonstração em.[1]

Sejam G um grupo agindo em um conjunto X e H1, H2,...., Hk subgrupos não triviais de G em que k≥2, tais que pelo menos um desse subgrupos tenha ordem maior que 2. Suponhamos que existam X1, X2,....,Xk subconjuntos disjuntos de X em que o seguinte vale:

  • Para todo is e para todo hHi, h≠1 temos h(Xs)⊆Xi.

Então

Referências

  1. a b c Pierre de la Harpe. Topics in geometric group theory. Chicago Lectures in Mathematics. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. ISBN 0-226-31719-6; Ch. II.B "The table-Tennis Lemma (Klein's criterion) and examples of free products"; pp. 25–41.
  2. J. Tits. Free subgroups in linear groups. Journal of Algebra, vol. 20 (1972), pp. 250–270
  3. Roger C. Lyndon and Paul E. Schupp. Combinatorial Group Theory. Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001. "Classics in Mathematics" series, reprint of the 1977 edition. ISBN 978-3-540-41158-1; Ch II, Section 12, pp. 167–169
  4. Martin R. Bridson, and André Haefliger. Metric spaces of non-positive curvature. Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften [Fundamental Principles of Mathematical Sciences], 319. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1999. ISBN 3-540-64324-9; Ch.III.Γ, pp. 467–468
  5. Andrij Olijnyk and Vitaly Suchchansky. Representations of free products by infinite unitriangular matrices over finite fields. International Journal of Algebra and Computation. Vol. 14 (2004), no. 5–6, pp. 741–749; Lemma 2.1

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