Genocídios otomanos tardios

Monumento em Berlim às vítimas dos genocídios otomanos de 1912–1922.

Genocídios otomanos tardios referem-se a uma teoria historiográfica segundo a qual os genocídios armênio, grego e assírio, [1] [2] [3] que ocorreram simultaneamente, durante as décadas de 1910-1920, constituem um único evento - perpetrado pelos chamados Jovens Turcos. [2] [4] Embora alguns historiadores, como Benny Morris e Dror Ze'evi, autores de The Thirty-Year Genocide (2019), caracterizem tal evento como um genocídio de cristãos, [3] [5] [6] outros, como Dominik J. Schaller e Jürgen Zimmerer, sustentam que tal abordagem "ignora a violência massiva dos Jovens Turcos contra os não-cristãos", em particular contra os curdos muçulmanos. [7] [8] [9]

Visão geral

O historiador holandês-turco, professor de estudos de genocídio e sociólogo Uğur Ümit Üngör explica que a violência em massa e a escravização que ocorreram no final do Império Otomano e no seu estado sucessor incluem, mas não se limitam ao massacre de Adana; a perseguição aos muçulmanos durante a contração otomana; os genocídios de armênios, gregos e assírios; os massacres de Koçgiri em 1921; “a violência em massa contra os curdos desde a Rebelião do Xeque Saíde de 1925 até o massacre de Dersim em 1938”; os pogroms da Trácia de 1934, até o pogrom de Istambul de 1955 contra cristãos gregos e armênios. [10]

Outros estudiosos às vezes também incluem os anteriores massacres hamidianos de armênios cristãos na década de 1890 ou as deportações de curdos entre 1916 e 1934. [11]

Segundo o jornalista Thomas de Waal, falta um trabalho semelhante ao Bloodlands (2010) do historiador Timothy Snyder que tente cobrir toda a violência em massa na Anatólia e no Cáucaso entre 1914 e 1921. [12] De Waal sugere que embora "o genocídio [armênio] de 1915-1916 se destacasse como a maior atrocidade deste período... [tal trabalho] também estabeleceria um contexto que permitiria que outros aceitassem o que aconteceu e porquê, e também prestar homenagem aos muitos muçulmanos que morreram tragicamente nesta época”. [12]

Referências

  1. Smith 2015, pp. 1–9.
  2. a b Roshwald 2013, pp. 220–241.
  3. a b Morris, Benny; Ze'evi, Dror (4 November 2021). «Then Came the Chance the Turks Have Been Waiting For: To Get Rid of Christians Once and for All». Haaretz. Tel Aviv. Consultado em 5 November 2021. Arquivado do original em 4 November 2021  Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
  4. Shirinian, George N. (2017). Genocide in the Ottoman Empire: Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks, 1913–1923 (em inglês). [S.l.]: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-78533-433-7 
  5. Morris, Benny; Ze'evi, Dror (2019). The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 3–5. ISBN 978-0-674-24008-7 
  6. Gutman, David (2019). «The thirty year genocide: Turkey's destruction of its Christian minorities, 1894–1924». Routledge. Turkish Studies. 21: 1–3. doi:10.1080/14683849.2019.1644170 
  7. Schaller, Dominik J.; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). «Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies—introduction». Journal of Genocide Research. 10 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1080/14623520801950820 
  8. Schaller; Zimmerer, eds. (2013). Late Ottoman Genocides: The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies (em inglês). [S.l.]: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-99045-1 
  9. Akçam, Taner (2011). The Young Turks' Crime Against Humanity. [S.l.]: Princeton University Press 
  10. «Seeing like a nation-state: Young Turk social engineering in Eastern Turkey, 1913–50». London and New York: Routledge. Journal of Genocide Research. 10 (1): 15–39. Jun 2008. ISSN 1469-9494. OCLC 260038904. doi:10.1080/14623520701850278 
  11. Deringil, Selim; Adjemian, Boris; Nichanian, Mikaël (2018). «Mass Violence in the Late Ottoman Empire: A Discussion». OpenEdition Journals. Études Arméniennes Contemporaines (11): 95–104. ISSN 2425-1682. doi:10.4000/eac.1803Acessível livremente 
  12. a b de Waal, Thomas (2015). Great Catastrophe: Armenians and Turks in the Shadow of Genocide. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-935069-8 

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