Fêmea

 Nota: Para outros significados, veja Fêmea (desambiguação).
 Nota: "Feminino" redireciona para este artigo. Para o género gramatical feminino, veja Gênero gramatical.
O símbolo da deusa romana Vênus (deusa do amor) é, frequentemente, usado para representar o sexo feminino. Também é o símbolo alquímico para o cobre.

Fêmea (♀) é o sexo de um organismo, ou de uma parte de um organismo, que produz óvulos não móveis. Os mamíferos, incluindo os seres humanos, do sexo feminino possuem dois cromossomos X.

O oposto da fêmea na biologia é o macho.

Características

Os óvulos são definidos como os gametas maiores em um sistema de reprodução heterogâmicos, enquanto os espermatozoides, gametas geralmente móveis e menores, são produzidos pelo macho.[1] Um indivíduo do sexo feminino não pode se reproduzir sexualmente sem acessar os espermatozoides, com exceção de Partenogénese.[2] Alguns organismos podem se reproduzir tanto como sexualmente e assexuadamente.

Não existe um único mecanismo genético por trás das diferenças sexuais em diferentes espécies e a existência de dois sexos parece ter evoluído várias vezes de forma independente em diferentes linhagens evolutivas.[3] Os padrões de reprodução sexual incluem:

  • espécies isogâmicas com dois ou mais tipos de acasalamento (mecanismos moleculares que regulam a compatibilidade em eucariotos que se reproduzem sexualmente) com gametas de forma e comportamento idêntico (mas diferentes em nível molecular),
  • espécies anisogâmicas com gametas de homens e tipos femininos,
  • espécies Oogâmicas, que incluem seres humanos em que o gameta feminino é muito maior do que o do sexo masculino e não tem capacidade de se mover. A Oogamia é uma forma de anisogamia. Há um argumento que este padrão foi impulsionado pelas restrições físicas sobre os mecanismos pelos quais dois gametas se reúnem conforme necessário para a reprodução sexual.[4]

Além da diferença no tipo de gameta produzido, as diferenças entre os machos e as fêmeas de uma linhagem nem sempre podem ser previstas pelas diferenças na outra. O conceito não está limitado a animais; células somáticas são produzidas por Chytridiomycotas, Diatomácea s, Oomycetes e plantas terrestres, entre outros.

Ver também

Referências

  1. David Sadava; Craig Heller; Gordon H. Orians; William K. Purves; David M. Hillis (2009). Vida: A Ciência da Biologia - Plantas e Animais. 3 (8 ed.). Artmed Editora. p. 1035. ISBN 978-85-363-2060-1.
  2. William S. Klug; Michael R. Cummings; Charlotte A. Spencer; Michael A. Palladino (2009). Conceitos de Genética. Artmed Editora. p. 844. ISBN 978-85-363-2214-8.
  3. Christopher Alan Anderson (2014). The Metaphysics of Sex ...in a Changing World!. First Edition Design Pub. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-62287-636-5.
  4. Dusenbery, David B. (2009). Living at Micro Scale, Chapter 20. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. ISBN 978-0-674-03116-6.

Ligações externas

Wikcionário
Wikcionário
O Wikcionário tem o verbete Feminino.

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