Frente Patriótica (Áustria)

Frente Patriótica
Vaterländische Front
Frente Patriótica (Áustria)
Presidente Engelbert Dollfuss (1933–34)
Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg (1934–36)
Kurt Schuschnigg (1936–38)
Fundação 20 de maio de 1933
Dissolução 13 de março de 1938
Sede Am Hof 3/4, Viena, Áustria
Ideologia
 • Austrofascismo
 • Nacionalismo austríaco
 • Conservadorismo autoritário
 • Conservadorismo social
 • Doutrina Social da Igreja
 • Fascismo clerical[1]
 • Catolicismo político[2][1]
 • Corporativismo fascista[1]
 • Antiliberalismo
 • Anticapitalismo[3]
 • Anticomunismo
Espectro político Direita[4] a extrema-direita
Religião Igreja Católica
Antecessor Partido Social Cristão, Landbund, Heimwehr e outros
Membros (1937) 3 milhões[5]
Cores Vermelho, Branco, Verde
Hino Lied der Jugend
Slogan "Österreich, erwache!"
(Áustria, acordada!)[6]
Bandeira do partido

A Frente Patriótica (em alemão: Vaterländische Front, VF) foi a organização política que governou durante o "Austrofascismo". Alegava ser um movimento apartidário e neutro, com o fim de unir todas as pessoas da Áustria, ultrapassando as divisões políticas e sociais.[2] Criada a 20 de Maio de 1933 pelo chanceler social-cristão Engelbert Dollfuss como partido único, de linhas semelhantes ao do fascismo italiano, defendia o nacionalismo austríaco e a separação da Alemanha com o argumento de proteger a identidade católica e medieval da Áustria do que consideravam um estado alemão dominado pelo Protestantismo e por um ethos antiocidental.[7][8]

A Frente Patriótica, fortemente ligada ao catolicismo clerical da Áustria, absorveu o Partido Social-Cristão de Engelbert Dollfuss, o movimento agrário Landbund e a força paramilitar de extrema-direita Heimwehren, as quais se opunham ao socialismo, ao capitalismo de livre mercado, e democracia liberal. Estabeleceu um regime autoritário e corporativo, o Estado Federal da Áustria, habitualmente conhecido em alemão como Ständestaat ("estado corporativo"). De acordo com a Frente, esta forma de governo e sociedade implementou os ensinamentos sociais da encíclica de 1931, Quadragesimo anno, do Papa Pio XI.[9][10] A Frente aboliu e perseguiu todos os seus oponentes políticos, incluindo os comunistas, os sociais-democratas — com quem lutaram numa breve guerra civil em Fevereiro de 1934 — e também os nazis austríacos que queriam a união da Áustria com a Alemanha.[11] O chanceler Dollfuss foi assassinado pelos nazis em Julho de 1934. Foi sucedido por Kurt Schuschnigg, que governou até os nazis o forçarem a demitir-se a 11 de Março de 1938. A Áustria foi anexada pela Alemanha Nazi no dia seguinte.

A Frente Patriótica manteve uma organização cultural e recreativa chamada de "Vida Nova" (Neues Leben), semelhante à Força pela Alegria.[12]

O papel da Frente Patriótica tem sido alvo de discussão pelos historiadores austríacos do pós-guerra. Enquanto a ala esquerda a considera ser o expoente máximo da variante austríaca do fascismo católico clerical e a responsável pelo fracasso da democracia na Áustria; os autores conservadores defendem a luta anti-nazi e a independência da Áustria face à Alemanha.[13]

O Commons possui uma categoria com imagens e outros ficheiros sobre Frente Patriótica (Áustria)

Referências

  1. a b c Pyrah, Robert (2008). Enacting Encyclicals? Cultural Politics and 'Clerical Fascism' in Austria, 1933–1938. Clerical Fascism in Interwar Europe. [S.l.]: Routledge. pp. 157–169 
  2. a b Thuswaldner, Gregor (2006). «Dollfuss, Engelbert (1892–1934)». In: Domenico, Roy Palmer; Hanley, Mark Y. Encyclopedia of Modern Christian Politics. [S.l.]: Greenwood Press. p. 174  Em falta ou vazio |título= (ajuda)
  3. Pelinka, Anton (2017). The Dollfuss/Schuschnigg Era in Austria: A Reassessment. [S.l.]: Routledge. p. 127249 
  4. «1934 to 1938: Ständestaat in the Name of "God, the Almighty"». City of Vienna. City of Vienna. Consultado em 3 de novembro de 2019. His politics were supported by the Fatherland Front, a reservoir for nationalist, Christian and generally right-wing conservative forces. 
  5. Payne, Stanley G. (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–1945. [S.l.]: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 249 
  6. Jelavich, Barbara (1987). Modern Austria: Empire and Republic, 1815-1986. [S.l.]: Cambridge University Press. p. 200 
  7. Atsuko Ichijō, Willfried Spohn. Entangled identities: nations and Europe. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2005, p. 61.
  8. Starhemberg, Ernst Rüdiger (1942). Between Hitler and Mussolini: memoirs of Rüdiger Prince Starhemberg. Michigan: Harper & brothers. pp. 47–49 
  9. Pyrah (2008). Enacting Encyclicals? Cultural Politics and 'Clerical Fascism' in Austria. [S.l.: s.n.] 162 páginas 
  10. Binder, Dieter A. (2009). The Christian Corporatist State: Austria from 1934 to 1938. Austria in the Twentieth Century. [S.l.]: Transaction Publishers. p. 75 
  11. Binder (2009). The Christian Corporatist State. [S.l.: s.n.] p. 73 
  12. Pyrah (2008). Enacting Encyclicals? Cultural Politics and 'Clerical Fascism' in Austria. [S.l.: s.n.] 160 páginas 
  13. Tálos, Emmerich; Neugebauer, Wolfgang (2014). «Vorwort». Austrofaschismus: Politik, Ökonomie, Kultur, 1933-1938 7th ed. [S.l.]: Lit Verlag. pp. 1–2  Em falta ou vazio |título= (ajuda)

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