Formação Weald Clay

Formação Weald Clay
Distribuição estratigráfica: Hauteriviano - Barremiano 136–125 Ma
Formação Weald Clay
Weald Clay exposta na Clock House Brickworks
Tipo Formação geológica
Unidade do(a) Grupo Wealden
Litologia
Primária Folhelho e Lamito
Outras Siltito, Arenito, Calcário e Ironstone
Localização
Homenagem Weald
Região Sul da Inglaterra
País  Reino Unido

A Formação Weald Clay, também conhecida simplesmente como Weald Clay, é uma unidade de rocha sedimentar do Cretáceo Inferior subjacente a áreas do Sudeste da Inglaterra, entre as Colinas do Norte e do Sul, em uma área chamada Bacia de Weald. É a unidade mais alta do Grupo Wealden de rochas na Bacia Weald, e a porção superior da unidade é equivalente em idade à porção exposta da Formação Wessex na Ilha de Wight. Ele consiste predominantemente em lamito com camadas finas.[1]

A formação foi depositada em condições lagunares, lacustres e aluviais que variaram de água doce a salobra. A argila se alterna com outras litologias subordinadas, notavelmente leitos duros de pedra-ferro, calcário (Mármore de Sussex) e arenitos, incluindo a unidade de arenito calcário referida como a Pedra de Horsham. Ele tem um contato gradual e conformável com a Formação de Areia Tunbridge Wells subjacente e tem um contato brusco e inconformável com a Formação Atherfield Clay sobrejacente, uma unidade marinha rasa depositada após a transgressão marinha durante o Aptiano.[2]

Paleoambiente

A formação consiste em sedimentos dos andares Hauteriviano (Argila de Weald Inferior) a Barremiano (Argila de Weald Superior), com cerca de 136 à 125 milhões de anos. Fósseis diversos foram encontrados em camadas de argila representando água parada não marinha, que tem sido interpretada como um ambiente fluvial ou lamacento com águas rasas, lagoas e pântanos.[3] Durante o Cretáceo Inferior, a área Weald de Surrey, Sussex e Kent foi parcialmente coberta pelo grande lago Wealden, de água doce a salobra. Dois grandes rios drenavam a área norte (onde hoje fica Londres), fluindo para o lago através de um delta de rio; a Bacia Anglo-Paris estava no sul. Seu clima era subtropical, semelhante ao da atual região mediterrânea. Como o Smokejacks Pit consiste em diferentes níveis estratigráficos, os táxons fósseis encontrados não são necessariamente contemporâneos.[3][4][5] Os dinossauros da localidade incluem o terópode Baryonyx,[3] ornitópodes Mantellisaurus, Iguanodon e pequenos saurópodes.[6] Outros vertebrados da Weald Clay incluem crocodilos, pterossauros, lagartos (como Dorsetisaurus), anfíbios, tubarões (como Hybodus) e peixes ósseos (incluindo Scheenstia).[7][8] Membros de dez ordens de insetos foram identificados, incluindo Valditermes, Archisphex e Pterinoblattina. Outros invertebrados incluem ostracodes, isopodes, conchostracanos e bivalves.[9][10] As plantas Weichselia e a aquática e herbácea Bevhalstia eram comuns. Outras plantas encontradas incluem samambaias, cavalinhas, musgos e coníferas.[11][12]

Referências

  1. «Wealden Clay Formation». The BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units (em inglês). British Geological Survey. Consultado em 14 de dezembro de 2014 
  2. Radley, Jonathan D (Junho de 1999). «Weald Clay (Lower Cretaceous) palaeoenvironments in south-east England: molluscan evidence». Cretaceous Research (em inglês). 20 (3): 365–368. doi:10.1006/cres.1999.0156 
  3. a b c Charig, A. J.; Milner, A. C. (1997). «Baryonyx walkeri, a fish-eating dinosaur from the Wealden of Surrey». Bulletin of the Natural History Museum of London (em inglês). 53: 11–70 
  4. Radley, J. D.; Allen, P. (2012). «The southern English Wealden (non-marine Lower Cretaceous): overview of palaeoenvironments and palaeoecology». Proceedings of the Geologists' Association (em inglês). 123 (2): 382–385. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2011.12.005 
  5. Radley, J. D. (2006). «A Wealden guide I: the Weald Sub-basin». Geology Today (em inglês). 22 (3): 109–118. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2451.2006.00563.x 
  6. Blows, W. T. (1998). «A review of Lower and Middle Cretaceous dinosaurs of England». New Mexico Museum of Natural History Bulletins. 14: 29–38 
  7. Cook, E.; Ross, A. J. (1996). «The stratigraphy, sedimentology and palaeontology of the Lower Weald Clay (Hauterivian) at Keymer Tileworks, West Sussex, southern England». Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 107 (3): 231–239. doi:10.1016/S0016-7878(96)80031-9 
  8. Milner, A. C.; Evans, S. E. (1998). «First report of amphibians and lizards from the Wealden (Lower Cretaceous) in England». New Mexico Museum of Natural History Bulletins (em inglês). 14: 173–176 
  9. Nye, E.; Feist-Burkhardt, S.; Horne, D. J.; Ross, A. J.; Whittaker, J. E. (2008). «The palaeoenvironment associated with a partial Iguanodon skeleton from the Upper Weald Clay (Barremian, Early Cretaceous) at Smokejacks Brickworks (Ockley, Surrey, UK), based on palynomorphs and ostracods». Cretaceous Research. 29 (3): 417–444. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2008.01.004 
  10. Cook, E. (1997). «Sedimentology and vertebrate taphonomy of bone-bearing facies from the Clockhouse Rock Store (Weald Clay, late Hauterivian), Capel, Surrey, UK». Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 108 (1): 49–56. doi:10.1016/S0016-7878(97)80005-3 
  11. Ross, A. J.; Cook, E. (1995). «The stratigraphy and palaeontology of the Upper Weald Clay (Barremian) at Smokejacks Brickworks, Ockley, Surrey, England». Cretaceous Research (em inglês). 16 (6): 705–716. doi:10.1006/cres.1995.1044 
  12. Batten, D. J. (1998). «Palaeoenvironmental implications of plant, insect and other organic-walled microfossils in the Weald Clay Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of southeast England». Cretaceous Research (em inglês). 19 (3–4): 279–315. doi:10.1006/cres.1998.0116 

Notas

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