Em 1955, o jornalistaHenry Fairlie popularizou o uso contemporâneo do termo establishment para denotar a rede de pessoas socialmente proeminentes e politicamente importantes:
Por ‘establishment’ não quero dizer apenas os centros do poder oficial — embora certamente façam parte dele — mas sim toda a matriz de relações oficiais e sociais dentro das quais o poder é exercido. O exercício do poder na Grã-Bretanha (mais especificamente, na Inglaterra) não pode ser entendido a menos que se reconheça que é exercido socialmente.[3]
O termo establishment é freqüentemente usado na Austrália para se referir aos principais partidos políticos e também aos poderes por trás desses partidos. No livro, Anti-political Establishment Parties: A Comparative Analysis de Amir Abedi (2004),[8] Amir Abedi refere-se ao Partido Trabalhista e aos Partidos de Coalizão (o Partido Liberal e o Partido Nacional/País) como partidos do establishment.
Nos Estados Unidos, o termo establishment normalmente se refere ao sistema políticobipartidário, no qual o Partido Republicano e o Partido Democrata geralmente são vistos como iguais em suas políticas antitrabalhistas, políticas pró-federais e defesa de interesses corporativos. O uso refere-se à cunhagem original do termo establishment em 1955, referindo-se à intrincada matriz de poder e conexões entre corporações, políticos, agências governamentais e alguns grupos sociais.
↑however, that usage already had occurred in the late 19th century, in 1882, when Ralph Waldo Emerson used the term as politics: “There are always two parties, the party of the Past and the party of the Future: the Establishment and the Movement.” See Fairlie, Henry (19 de outubro de 1968). «Evolution of a Term». The New Yorker and Darrel Abel, Democratic Voices and Vistas (2002) p. 2.
↑Wodak, Ruth. "The “Establishment”, the “Élites”, and the “People”, Journal of Language and Politics 16.4 (2017): 551-565.
↑Elias, Norbert; Martins, Herminio; Whitley, Richard (1982). Scientific Establishments and Hierarchies. Dordrecht: Reidel. p. 4. ISBN978-90-277-1322-3. Those who are outsiders, in relation to a given establishment, as a rule, have on their part resources needed by the establishments' members.... Established and outsiders, in other words, have specific functions for each other. No established-outsider relationship is likely to maintain itself for long without some reciprocity of dependence.... Members of an establishment usually are very careful to maintain and, if possible, to increase the high dependence ratio of their outsider groups and thus the power differentials between these and themselves.
↑Sonny Shiu-Hing Lo, Steven Chung-Fun Hung, and Jeff Hai-Chi Loo. "The Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong as Flagship of China's United Front Work." in China's New United Front Work in Hong Kong (Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore, 2019) pp. 43-75.
↑Peter Hennessy, The great and the good: An inquiry into the British establishment (Policy Studies Institute, 1986).
↑Cople Jaher, Frederic (1982). The Urban Establishment: Upper Strata in Boston, New York, Charleston, Chicago, and Los Angeles. [S.l.]: University of Illinois Press. p. 25. ISBN9780252009327
↑By the 1950s, the emerging New Left was "thumbing their noses at the stuffy white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant establishment." W. J. Rorabaugh, "Challenging Authority, Seeking Community, and Empowerment in the New Left, Black Power, and Feminism," Journal of Policy History (Jan 1996) vol 8 p. 110.
↑G. William Domhoff, The power elite and the state. (Routledge, 2017).
↑Mark S. Mizruchi, "The Power Elite in historical context: a reevaluation of Mills's thesis, then and now." Theory and Society 46.2 (2017): 95-116.
↑Priscilla Roberts, "'All the Right People': The Historiography of the American Foreign Policy Establishment." Journal of American Studies 26.3 (1992): 409-434. online
↑Donhoff, G. William, Who Rules America?, Prentice Hall, 1967.
↑Davidson, James D.; Pyle, Ralph E.; Reyes, David V. (1995). «Persistence and Change in the Protestant Establishment, 1930-1992». Social Forces. 74 (1): 157–175 [p. 164]. JSTOR2580627. doi:10.1093/sf/74.1.157
Burch, Philip H. Jr. (1983). «The American establishment: Its historical development and major economic components.». Research in Political Economy. 6: 83–156
Campbell, Fergus. The Irish Establishment 1879–1914 (2009)
Dogan, Mattéi, Elite configurations at the apex of power (2003)
Hennessy, Peter. The great and the good: an inquiry into the British establishment (Policy Studies Institute, 1986)
Jones, Owen. The Establishment – and how they get away with it (Penguin, 2015)
Kauppi, N. and Madsen, M.R., eds. Transnational Power Elites: The New Professionals of Governance, Law and Security (Routledge, 2013). online
Page, E.C. People Who Run Europe (1997).
Rovere, Richard. The American establishment and other reports, opinions, and speculations (1962), a famous spoof; it is online
Silk, Leonard Solomon and Mark Silk. American Establishment (1980)
Valentine, C. The British Establishment, 1760-1784: An Eighteenth-Century Biographical Dictionary (University of Oklahoma Press, 1970)
Wodak, Ruth. "The “Establishment”, the “Élites”, and the “People”." Journal of Language and Politics 16.4 (2017): 551-565. online