Balastro (caminho de ferro)

Via onde se pode ver o balastro de gravilha

O balastro (português europeu) ou lastro (português brasileiro) é a parte da via da estrada de ferro onde assentam os dormentes. Geralmente é composto por uma camada de pedras britadas sobre o terraplano. São usados como balastro os seguintes materiais:

  • Terra: O mais barato, e também o pior. Atualmente seu uso foi abandonado.
  • Areia: Pouco usada, pois seu pó causa desgaste dos componentes móveis, além de ser facilmente levada pela água.
  • Cascalho: É ótimo e o mais utilizado material para Balastro/Lastro de vias secundárias. Para serem utilizadas em vias principais devem ser lavados e peneirados, para que sua pureza e granulometria se assemelhem as da pedra britada.
  • Escórias: Provenientes da metalurgia, são utilizadas como balastro por serem relativamente baratas e terem qualidades suficientes para serem usadas. No Brasil são muito usadas próximo as usinas.
  • Pedra Britada (gravilha): Considerado o melhor tipo de balastro, devem ser escolhidas pedras duras.

Função

Esses fragmentos de rochas variadada devem ser derivados de materiais de elevada dureza e são dispostos de forma que sobre eles se assentam os dormentes.Sua função prioritária é dar estabilidade ao sistema e também facilitar a drenagem da via férrea.[1] Em relação à estabilidade, seu objetivo é distribuir as cargas impostas ao solo de maneira uniforme, em uma superfície maior, para manter o trem adequadamente nos trilhos, minimizando a possibilidade de ocorrência de descarrilamentos.[1]

Adicionalmente, essa camada rochosa diminui significativamente as vibrações causadas pelo deslocamento dos pesados equipamentos ferroviários gerando mais conforto aos passageiros e aos moradores das áreas próximas às ferrovias.[2]

Um motivo secundário para a colocação de pedras rígidas como balastros consiste no fato de que elas são capazes de inibir o crescimento de vegetação eventualmente prejudicial ao deslocamento dos trens sobre os trilhos.[2]

Referências

  1. ↑ a b ISO, Pós-Graduação. «Aquelas pedras que ficam no chão de todas as ferrovias servem para dar estabilidade aos trens, sabia?». www.posgraduacaoiso.com.br. Consultado em 26 de dezembro de 2023 
  2. ↑ a b Admin (23 de outubro de 2023). «As pedras entre os trilhos: A razão por trás das pedras encontradas entre os trilhos e seus impactos». 26Letras. Consultado em 26 de dezembro de 2023 
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