Artes mecânicas

Artes mecânicas

Canteiro de obras da Alta Idade Média retratado na Bíblia Morgan.

Tipo
grupo (d)

Artes Mecânicas (em latim: Artes Mechanicae) são conceitos medievais de práticas e habilidades ordenadas, frequentemente justapostas com as tradicionais artes liberais. Também conhecidas como "servil" e "vulgar",[1] desde a antiguidade elas foram consideradas impróprias para os homens livres, por ministrar as necessidades mais básicas.

Classificação

João Escoto Erígena (810, Irlanda - 877, Paris) as dividiu um tanto arbitrariamente em sete partes:

No período medieval, era comum a organização dos artesãos em guildas para o exercício destas profissões. Em sua obra intitulada "Didascalion", Hugo de São Vitor (1096-1141) incluiu navegação, medicina e artes teatrais ao invés de comércio, agricultura e culinária.[3][4] O tratado de Hugo elevava um pouco as artes mecânicas como ordenadas para o desenvolvimento da humanidade; uma promoção que representava uma tendência crescente ao longo dos últimos séculos da Idade Média.[5][6]

A classificação das artes mecânicas como geometria aplicada foi introduzida na Europa Ocidental por Domingo Gundisalvo (século XII) sob a influência de seus estudos do conhecimento árabe.

Evolução do conceito e usos contemporâneos

No século XIX, as artes mecânicas referiam-se aos campos de estudos, nos quais, alguns são atualmente conhecidos como engenharias. O uso do termo foi aparentemente uma tentativa de distinguir esses campos dos empreendimentos criativos e artísticos, como as artes do espectáculo e das artes plásticas que estavam para os intelectuais e as classes mais altas da época. As artes mecânicas eram também consideradas campos práticos por aqueles que não vieram de famílias de classes sociais mais ricas.

A evolução posterior do conceito de arte, que culminou com a formulação do termo belas artes por Charles Batteux (1713-1780), em 1746 (as belas artes reduzidas a um único princípio), fez desaparecer o conceito de artes vulgares ou mecânicas.

Ver também

Referências

  1. Ver o caso no Livro I da obra De Officiis de Marco Túlio Cícero, xxlii.
  2. Em seu comentário sobre o trabalho do início do século V de Marciano Capela, "As Núpcias da Filologia e Mercúrio", uma das principais fontes para a reflexão medieval sobre as artes liberais.
  3. Hugo de São Vitor, Libri septem eruditiones didascaliae, ch.26 (PL 176, col.760): "lanificium, armaturum, navigationem, agriculturem, venationem, medicinam, theatricam"
  4. Galent-Fasseur, Valérie. Froissart à la cour de Béarn: l'écrivain, les arts et le pouvoir. Brepols, 2009, (em francês), pág. 252. ISBN 9782503528670 (4 de fevereiro de 2016).
  5. Ver Georges Legoff, Time, Work and Culture in the Middle Ages, (Chicago, University of Chicago Press) pg.116.
  6. Shiner, Dr. Larry (2003). The Invention of Art: A Cultural History. [S.l.]: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 28–30 

Bibliografia

  • Walton, S.A., "An Introduction to the Mechanical Arts in the Middle Ages", AVISTA, Universidade de Toronto, 2003.
  • Tatarkiewicz, Władysław, "Historia de Seis Ideas", Tecnos, Madrid, 2002. ISBN 84-309-3911-3

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