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مجاہدین خلق
مجاہدین خلق ایران ایرانی نظام دی اک مخالف تنظیم اے جس دی بنیاد 1965ء وچ چند جدت پسند ایرانیاں دے ہتھوں پئی، شاہ ایران دا تختہ الٹنے وچ اس تنظیم نے اہم کردار ادا کيتا، 80 دی دہائی دے شروع وچ اس تنظیم نے اسلامی جمہوریہ ایران دے خلاف جنگ شروع دی تاکہ اک ڈیموکریٹک اسلامی مملکت دا قیام عمل وچ لیایا جاسکے، انہاں دے عسکری کیمپ شمالی عراق وچ نيں، اس تنظیم دے حالیہ سربراہ مسعود رجوی نيں۔
حوالے
- حواشی
- ↑ Since 1993, they are “Co–equal Leader”[۱] however Massoud Rajavi has disappeared in 2003 and leadership of the group has practically passed to his wife Maryam Rajavi.[۲]
- حوالے
- ↑ (2012) Iran's Revolutionary Guard: The Threat That Grows While America Sleeps. Potomac Books, Inc. ISBN 1-59797-701-2.
- ↑ (2009) Historical Dictionary of Terrorism, 3, Historical Dictionaries of War, Revolution, and Civil Unrest, Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-6311-1.
- ↑ Lua error in ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Date_validation/ar at line 45: attempt to compare number with nil.
- ↑ ۴.۰ ۴.۱ Houchang E. Chehabi (1990). Iranian Politics and Religious Modernism: The Liberation Movement of Iran Under the Shah and Khomeini. I.B.Tauris, 211. ISBN 1-85043-198-1.
- ↑ ۵.۰ ۵.۱ Aaron Schwartz (اپریل 2014). "National Security and the Protection of Constitutional Liberties: How the Foreign Terrorist Organization List Satisfies Procedural Due Process". The Penn State Journal of Law & International Affair 3 (1): 293–323. ISSN 2168-7951. http://elibrary.law.psu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1073&context=jlia.
- ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا
<ref> ٹیگ
کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے DUP لئی۔
- ↑ Eileen Barker (2016). Revisionism and Diversification in New Religious Movements. Routledge, 174. ISBN 1-317-06361-9. “Looking at the original official ideology of the group, one notices some sort of ideological opportunism within their 'mix and match' set of beliefs.”
- ↑ ۸.۰ ۸.۱ Mehrzad Boroujerdi (1996). Iranian Intellectuals and the West: The Tormented Triumph of Nativism. Syracuse University Press, 117. ISBN 978-0-8156-0433-4. “۔۔۔the ideological worldview of Mojahedin rested upon two of the main characteristics of Iranian social thought at the time: nationalism and populism.”
- ↑ The State and Revolution in Iran (RLE Iran D). Taylor & Francis, 74. ISBN 978-1-136-82089-2. “Thus the Mojahedin's opposition to Western influence and its call for economic freedom from the West led it to reject the system of capitalism and to present a radical interpretation of Islam. This was also true of the radical Islamic nationalist movement as a whole.”
- ↑ Fred Reinhard Dallmayr (199). Border Crossings: Toward a Comparative Political Theory. Lexington Books, 136. ISBN 978-0-7391-0043-1. “To provide an Islamic justification for their populist program, Mojahedin often utilized the euphemism coined by Shariati.”
- ↑ (2013) Reformers and Revolutionaries in Modern Iran: New Perspectives on the Iranian Left. Routledge. ISBN 1-134-32890-7.
- ↑ Abrahamian, Ervand (1989). Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin. I.B. Tauris, 171–172. ISBN 1-85043-077-2.
- ↑ (2009) Global Politics as if People Mattere. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 97. ISBN 0-7425-6658-7. “US. military leaders in Iraq signed a cease-fire agreement with the MKO in اپریل 2003 that allowed it to keep all its weapons, including hundreds of tanks and thousands of light arms, as long as it did not attack US. forces”
- ↑ John H. Lorentz (2010). "Chronology", The A to Z of Iran, The A to Z Guide Series 209. Scarecrow Press, جون 1978. ISBN 1-4617-3191-7.
- ↑ (2008) "Iran-Germany Relations", Iran-Europe Relations: Challenges and Opportunities. Routledge. ISBN 1-134-06219-2.
- ↑ ۱۶.۰ ۱۶.۱ (2015) "Iran", Political Handbook of the World 2015. CQ Press. ISBN 1-4833-7155-7.
- ↑ (2003) "Honoring a Great Hero for Iran's Freedom, World Peace and Security: Hon. Edolphus Towns of New York in the House of Represetitives, 27 مارچ 2003", United States of America Congressional Record. Government Printing Office.
- ↑ ۱۸.۰ ۱۸.۱ Lua error in ماڈیول:Citation/CS1 at line 4444: attempt to call field 'set_selected_modules' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in ماڈیول:Citation/CS1 at line 4444: attempt to call field 'set_selected_modules' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in ماڈیول:Citation/CS1 at line 4444: attempt to call field 'set_selected_modules' (a nil value).
- ↑ *سیمور ہرش (5 اپریل 2012). "Our Men in Iran?". دی نیو یارکر. https://web.archive.org/web/20181226045946/https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/our-men-in-iran. Retrieved on
- ↑ *Goulka, Jeremiah; Hansell, Lydia; Wilke, Elizabeth; Larson, Judith (2009)۔ "The Mujahedin-e Khalq in Iraq: a policy conundrum" (PDF)۔ RAND Corporation۔ ISBN 978-0-8330-4701-4
- ↑ Lua error in ماڈیول:Citation/CS1 at line 4444: attempt to call field 'set_selected_modules' (a nil value).
- ↑ ۲۴.۰ ۲۴.۱ United States. Dept. of State. International Information Administration. Documentary Studies Section, United States Information Agency, United States Information Agency. Special Materials Section, United States. International Communication Agency (1980). Problems of Communism 29. Documentary Studies Section, International Information Administration. “There is evidence that as earlt as 1969 it received arms and training from the PLO, especially Yasir Arafat's Fatah group. Some of the earliest Mojahedin supporters took part in black ستمبر in 1970 in Jordan.”
- ↑ ۲۵.۰ ۲۵.۱ Lua error in ماڈیول:Citation/CS1 at line 4444: attempt to call field 'set_selected_modules' (a nil value).
- ↑ ۲۶.۰ ۲۶.۱ Lua error in ماڈیول:Citation/CS1 at line 4444: attempt to call field 'set_selected_modules' (a nil value).
کتابیات
- Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press.
- Abrahamian, Ervand (1989). Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin. IB Tauris.
- Abrahamian, Ervand (Oct 1, 1992). The Iranian Mojahedin. Yale University Press.
- Keddie, Nikkie (1981). Roots of Revolution.
- Moin, Baqer (2001). Khomeini. Thomas Dunne.
- Stevenson, Struan (2015). Self-Sacrifice – Life with the Iranian Mojahedin. Birlinn, Edinburgh, ISBN 978 1 78027 288 7.
باہرلے جوڑ
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