Yūjirō Motora

Yūjirō Motora

Yūjirō Motora (jap. 元良勇次郎 Motora Yūjirō; ur. 5 grudnia 1858 w Sanda, zm. 13 grudnia 1912)japoński psycholog, pionier nowoczesnej psychologii w Japonii, profesor psychofizyki na Cesarskim Uniwersytecie Tokijskim, autor pierwszego podręcznika psychologii w języku japońskim.

Życiorys

Drugi syn samuraja Yutaki Sugity i jego żony Sugi Sugity, z domu Motoyama. Po śmierci ojca adoptowany przez Soemona Motorę. W 1881 ożenił się z Yone Motora, drugą córką swojego ojczyma. Mieli pięcioro dzieci[1].

Uczył się od 1875 do 1884 w anglojęzycznej szkole Doshisha College w Kioto, gdzie był uczniem Josepha Hardy’ego Neesimy[2]. Następnie wyjechał do Stanów Zjednoczonych studiować filozofię i psychologię najpierw na Boston University, a potem na Johns Hopkins University[3]. W 1888 otrzymał tytuł doktora filozofii, po przedstawieniu dysertacji Exchange, Considered as the Principle of Social Life przygotowanej pod kierunkiem G. Stanleya Halla. Od 1890 profesor psychofizyki na Cesarskim Uniwersytecie Tokio, w tym samym roku wydał podręcznik psychologii, pierwszy w języku japońskim. W 1891 otrzymał tytuł doktora literatury (bungaku-hakushi)[4]. W 1905 roku na Międzynarodowym Kongresie Fizjologicznym w Rzymie przedstawił referat Idea of ego in the Eastern philosophy (pol. Pojęcie ego w filozofii Wschodu).

Motora uważany jest za pioniera japońskiej psychologii[5]. W 1903 przy jego katedrze powstało pierwsze w kraju laboratorium psychologiczne, od 1904 roku Motora prowadził dwuletni kurs psychologii dla studentów[6]. Uczniami Motory byli m.in. Tomokichi Fukurai[7], Hikozo Kakise, Ryokichi Wakita[8] i Matatarō Matsumoto[9].

Odznaczony Orderem Wschodzącego Słońca trzeciej klasy. Członek Japońskiej Akademii Nauk.

Autor wielu prac w języku japońskim, angielskim i niemieckim. Tłumaczył na japoński prace Wundta i Halla. Był twórcą oryginalnej teorii przewodzenia impulsów nerwowych[10]. Dzieło Shinrigaku gairon zostało wydane już pośmiertnie; zawiera syntezę poglądów psychologicznych Motory.

Wybrane prace

  • Hall, Motora. Dermal sensitiveness to gradual pressure changes. American Journal of Psychology 1 (1), 1887
  • Exchange considered as the principle of social life. Johns Hopkins University, 1888
  • 倫理学 / Rinrigaku. Tokyo, 1893
  • A study on the conductivity of the nervous system. Shinkeigaku Zasshi, 1902
  • A Study on the Conductivity of the Nervous System. American Journal of Psychology 14 (3/4), ss. 329-350, 1903
  • An essay on Eastern philosophy: Idea of ego in Eastern philosophy. Leipzig: Voigtländer, 1905
  • 論文集 / Ronbunshū. Tokyo: Kōdōkan, 1909
  • Ein Experiment zur Einübung von Aufmerksamkeit. Zeitschrift für Kinderforschung 16, ss. 214-225, 1911
  • 心理学概論 / Shinrigaku gairon. Tokyo: Teibi Shuppansha, 1915

Przypisy

  1. Necrology. „Johns Hopkins Alumni Magazine”. 1 (4), s. 354, 1913. 
  2. Itoh Y. Correspondence between Soho Tokutomi and Yujiro Motora: Two Students of Neesima Joe. „Doshisha Danso”. 19, s. 110–122, 1999. (ang.). 
  3. Professor Yuzero Motora. „American Journal of Psychology”. 24 (3), s. 441–443, 1913. 
  4. Who’s who in Japan. Tokyo: The Who's who in Japan office, 1912, s. 534. (ang.).
  5. Oyama T, Sato T, Suzuki Y. Shaping of scientific psychology in Japan. „International Journal of Psychology”. 36, s. 396–406, 2002. DOI: 10.1080/00207590143000225. 
  6. Sato T, Sato T. The early 20th century: Shaping the discipline of psychology in Japan. „Japanese Psychological Research”. 47, s. 52–62, 2005. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-5884.2005.00273.x. 
  7. Sato T. Rises and Falls of Clinical Psychology in Japan: A Perspective on the Status of Japanese Clinical Psychology. „Ritsumeikan Journal of Human Sciences”. 13, s. 133–144, 2007. (ang.). 
  8. Ryokichi Wakita's Theory and Practice on Education for Exceptial Students 1907 to 1909. „Bulletin of Nara University of Education”. 42 (1), s. 43–55, 1993. 
  9. Tatsuya Sato, Yoh Fumino. Psychology in Japan. „The Psychologist”. 18 (3), s. 156–157, 2005. 
  10. Miki Takasuna: Motora's unevaluated theory of nerve conduction, or, What psychologists thought about nerves a hundred years ago. International Society for the History of the Neurosciences (ISHN) 2001 Annual Meeting

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