Osa pospolita

Osa pospolita
Vespula vulgaris
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Ilustracja
Systematyka
Domena

eukarionty

Królestwo

zwierzęta

Typ

stawonogi

Gromada

owady

Rząd

błonkoskrzydłe

Rodzina

osowate

Podrodzina

Vespinae

Rodzaj

Vespula

Gatunek

osa pospolita

Synonimy
  • Vespa vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758
  • Paravespula vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758
  • Vespa sexcincta Panzer, 1799
  • Vespa communis de Saussure, 1857
  • Vespa alascensis Packard, 1870
  • Vespa westwoodii Shipp, 1893

Osa pospolita (Vespula vulgaris) – gatunek błonkówki z rodziny osowatych. Rodzimy zasięg występowania ma holarktyczny[1]. W większości zasięgu występuje pospolicie. Gatunek introdukowany w Islandii, Nowej Zelandii i Australii[2] – w Islandii i części Australii uznawany za inwazyjny[3]. W Europie Środkowej występuje powszechnie od kwietnia do października. W Polsce jest gatunkiem pospolitym, również w miastach[4].

Długość ciała osy pospolitej wynosi od 10 do 14 milimetrów u robotnic, od 16 do 18 milimetrów u królowych i od 13 do 15 milimetrów u samców[5]. Owad ten ma charakterystyczne czarno-żółte ubarwienie. Odwłok u nasady jest silnie przewężony, stąd określenie „talia osy”[6].

Gniazda buduje w ziemi, zwykle wykorzystując nory drobnych ssaków. Królowa składa w nim jaja, a wylęgające się robotnice rozbudowują gniazdo i karmią larwy pokarmem pochodzenia zwierzęcego, na przykład uśmierconymi i przeżutymi owadami, gąsienicami i tym podobnymi[6][7]. Dorosłe osy żywią się pokarmem węglowodanowym: nektarem kwiatów, słodkimi sokami i soczystymi owocami[6][7].

Użądlenie osy pospolitej jest bolesne, ale dla większości ludzi nie stanowi zagrożenia dla zdrowia, poza przypadkami osób uczulonych. W przypadku użądlenia osoby uczulonej należy skierować się jak najszybciej do lekarza. U uczulonego może wystąpić wstrząs anafilaktyczny.

Galeria

Zobacz też

Przypisy

  1. Vespula vulgaris. Global Invasive Species Database, 2009. [dostęp 2023-04-12]. (ang.).
  2. J.M. Carpenter, J. Kojima. Checklist of the species in the subfamily Vespinae (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Vespidae). „Natural history bulletin of Ibaraki University”. 1, s. 51–92, 1997. ISSN 1343-0955. (ang.).  (pdf).
  3. Vespula vulgaris (wasp, common) [online], www.cabi.org [dostęp 2023-04-12].
  4. Fauna Polski - charakterystyka i wykaz gatunków. Bogdanowicz W., Chudzicka E., Pilipiuk I. i Skibińska E. (red.). T. I. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2004. ISBN 83-88147-04-8.
  5. Wojciech Puławski: Klucze do oznaczania owadów Polski cz. XXIV Błonkówki – Hymenoptera, zeszyt 64-65 Osowate – Vespidae, Masaridae. Warszawa: PWN, Polskie Towarzystwo Entomologiczne, 1967.
  6. a b c Ursula Stichmann-Marny, Erich Kretzschmar: Przewodnik: rośliny i zwierzęta. Warszawa: Multico, 2006. ISBN 83-7073-429-4.
  7. a b J.P. Spradbery. Wasps: an account of the biology and natural history of solitary and social wasps. „London, Sidgwick & Jackson”, s. 508, 1973. (ang.). 

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