Shah Murad

Shah Murad
Født1749Rediger på Wikidata
Bukhara
Død1800Rediger på Wikidata
Bukhara
Embete
FarDaniyal Biy
BarnHaydar Tura

Shah Murad, også kjent som Beg-i Jan,[1] alternativt titulert Amir al-Mu'minin («Kommandør av de trofaste»),[2] Amir Ma'sum Ghazi eller Padishah Ghazi i Bukharas historiografi,[3] var den første Emir (Amir) i Emiratet Bukhara fra 1785 til sin død i 1799. Hans far var Ataliq Daniyal Biy (1758–1785). Etter Daniyal Biys død kom Shah Murad til makten.

Biografi

Shah Murad ble født i 1749 i Karmina (nåværende Navoiy i Usbekistan i en aristokratisk usbekisk familie. Han var eldst av elleve søsken. Hans mor var fra den usbekiske Qongirat-stammen. Han fikk politiske verv mens hans far Daniyal Biy levde, først som guvernør i Karmina og senere guvernør i Qarshi. Fra tidlig alder var han interessert i sufisme og tilbrakte mye tid i khanqaher[a][4] Han ønsket ikke å overta arven fra sin far og mente den skulle distribueres blant vanlige folk. Han introduserte også islamsk lov i administrasjonen til emiratet Bukhara.[4]

I 1780-1781 ble han utpekt til hersker i Samarkand og han gjorde en rekke tiltak for å gjenoppbygge byen. Han delte opp byen i 24 distrikter og lot mange familier fra de østlige regionene flytte til byen. Dette førte til at den økonomiske og kulturelle situasjonen i byen ble bedret. Fortsatt er en av gatene i Samarkand oppkalt etter Shah Murad. Han fikk også tilnavnet Amir Ma'sum («den syndefrie»).[5] Shah Murad grunnla også byen Islamabad nær Merv. I 1785 angrep han Qajar-stammen i Merv for å bruke dette området som utgangspunkt for angrep mot Iran. Han drepte guvernøren Bayram 'Ali Khan Qajar og erobret området i 1788.[1]

Shah Murad hadde støtte fra usbekerne og hadde dermed ressurser til krigføring. Hans hær besto vesentlig av kavaleri.[6]

Shah Murad døde i desember 1799 og ble etterfulgt av Haydar bin Shahmurad.[7]

Fotnoter

Type nummerering
  1. ^ Khanqah er samlingssteder for tilhengere av sufisme, en religiøs retning i islam

Referanser

  1. ^ a b Wood, William Arthur (1998). The Sariq Turkmens of Merv and the Khanate of Khiva in the early nineteenth century (thesis). OCLC 41449146. Mal:ProQuest. 
  2. ^ Lee, Jonathan L. (1996). The 'Ancient Supremacy': Bukhara, Afghanistan and the Battle for Balkh, 1731-1901. BRILL. s. 93. ISBN 978-90-04-10399-3. doi:10.1163/9789004491762. 
  3. ^ Wilde, Andreas (2016). What is Beyond the River?: Power, Authority, and Social Order in Transoxania 18th-19th Centuries. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. s. 690. ISBN 978-3-7001-7866-8. 
  4. ^ a b Saifi, Saifullah (2002). «The khanate of bukhara from C 1800 to russian revolution». University (på engelsk). 
  5. ^ Anke fon Kyugel'gen (2004). Legitimizatsiya sredneaziatskoy dinastii mangitov v proizvedeniyakh ikh istorikov (XVIII—XIX vv.). Almaty: Dayk press. 
  6. ^ Malcolm, John (1815). The history of Persia, from the most early period to the present time containing an account of the religion, government, usages and character of the inhabitants of that kingdom. — Vol. 2. s. 248—255. 
  7. ^ Lee, Jonathan (1996). The "Ancient Supremacy": Bukhara, Afghanistan and the Battle for Balkh, 1731-1901. BRILL. s. 109. ISBN 9789004103993. 

Litteratur

  • Akhmad Donish, Puteshestviye iz Bukhary Peterburg. Dushanbe, 1960.
  • Holzwarth, Wolfgang. "Community Elders and State Agents: Īlbēgīs in the Emirate of Bukhara around 1900." Eurasian Studies (2011).
  • Holzwarth, Wolfgang. "The Uzbek State as reflected in eighteenth-century Bukharan sources." Asiatische Studien 60, no. 2 (2006): 321–353.

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