Leland H. Hartwell

Leland H. Hartwell
Født30. okt. 1939[1][2][3][4]Rediger på Wikidata (85 år)
Los Angeles, California, USA
BeskjeftigelseGenetiker, biolog, universitetslærer, biokjemiker Rediger på Wikidata
Akademisk gradPh.d.
Utdannet vedCalifornia Institute of Technology
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Glendale High School
Herbert Hoover High School
NasjonalitetUSA
Medlem avNational Academy of Sciences (1987–) (Member of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States)
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
UtmerkelserNobelprisen i fysiologi eller medisin (2001)
ArbeidsstedFred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
Arizona State University
Biodesign Institute
FagfeltBiologi
Kjent forCellesyklus
Nobelprisen i fysiologi eller medisin
2002

Leland H. Hartwell (født 30. oktober 1939 i Los Angeles, California) er en amerikansk biolog. Han ble tildelt Nobelprisen i fysiologi eller medisin i 2000 for sine funn om kontrollen av cellesyklusen. Han delte prisen med engelskmennene Tim Hunt og Paul Nurse.

Hartwell tok doktorgrad ved Massachusetts Institute of Technology i 1964, og i 1968 ble han professor ved University of Washington. Fra 1997 har han vært president og direktør ved Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center.

Cellene i kroppen har alle oppstått gjennom deling fra en eneste celle, den befruktede eggcellen. Også hos voksne deles stadig enorme mengde celler for å erstatte de som dør. For at en celle skal kunne dele seg, må den vokse i størrelse, kopiere sin genomet og eksakt fordele den til dattercellene. Disse prosesser samordnes i cellesyklusen.

Hartwell oppdaget en klasse gener som kontrollerer cellesyklusen. En av disse genene har en sentral rolle for å starte hver nye sellesyklus, og kalles derfor «start». Hartwell innførte også begrepet kontrollstasjoner («checkpoints») som innebærer at cellesyklusen stanser opp når cellens DNA utsettes for skader. Målet er at genomet vil ha tid til å repareres før cellen går til neste fase av cellesyklusen.

Paul Nurse identifiserte en av nøkkelkomponentene i kontrollen av cellesyklusen, CDK (cyklinavhengig kinas). Han viste at CDK har bevart sin funksjon gjennom evolusjonen. CDK driver cellesyklusen ved å kjemisk påvirke (fosforylere) andre proteiner.

Hunt opdpaget cyklinene, det vil si de proteiner som regulerer CDKs funksjon. Han viste at cyklinene brytes ned i forbindelse med celledelingen, en mekanisme som viste seg å være sentral for kontrollen av cellesyklusen.

Hartwell ble tildelt Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award i 1998.

Referanser

  1. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Online, Encyclopædia Britannica Online-ID biography/Leland-H-Hartwell, besøkt 9. oktober 2017[Hentet fra Wikidata]
  2. ^ Munzinger Personen, Munzinger IBA 00000023930, besøkt 9. oktober 2017[Hentet fra Wikidata]
  3. ^ Brockhaus Enzyklopädie, Brockhaus Online-Enzyklopädie-id hartwell-leland-h, besøkt 9. oktober 2017[Hentet fra Wikidata]
  4. ^ Social Networks and Archival Context, SNAC Ark-ID w6hk246f, besøkt 9. oktober 2017[Hentet fra Wikidata]

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