Formasi Cloverly

Templat:Infobox Rockunit

Formasi Cloverly adalah pembentukan geologi usia Awal Zaman Batu Kapur (Tahap Aptian hingga Albian)[1] yang terdapat di sebahagian Montana, Wyoming, Colorado dan Utah di barat Amerika Syarikat. Ia dinamakan sempena sebuah pejabat pos di sebelah timur Tadahan Bighorn di Wyoming oleh N.H. Darton pada tahun 1904.[2][3] Batuan enap pada pembentukan itu telah diletakkan dalam persekitaran dataran banjir dan mengandungi fosil vertebrata, termasuk pelbagai tinggalan dinosaur.

Stratigrafi

Pembentukan Cloverly terletak dengan tidak jelas pada Pembentukan Morrison dan secara konformalnya ditiselitupi oleh Syal Thermopolis. Ia dibahagikan kepada pelbagai bahagian, bergantung kepada lokasi.[3][4] Di Tadahan Bighorn di sepanjang sempadan Montana-Wyoming, Cloverly dibahagikan kepada tiga ahli berikut:

  • Pryor Conglomerate terletak di dasar dan mengandungi banyak rijang hitam. Ia dinamakan sempena lapisan tebal yang terdedah di sebelah barat Pergunungan Pryor.
  • Ahli Bebiri Kecil (Little Sheep Member) yang terletak di tengah dan terdiri daripada batu-lumpur bentonit ungu-pucat, kelabu hingga hampir putih.
  • Unit paling atas adalah Anggota Himes, yang mengandungi beberapa longgokan saluran batu pasir berbutir kasar, tetapi sebahagian besarnya terdiri daripada batu-lumpur berwarna-warni (bervariasi).

Usia

Usia Radiometrik menggunakan kaedah trek fisi telah menghasilkan tarikh 115 ± 10 Ma (juta tahun yang lalu) untuk bahagian bawah Ahli Beberi Kecil ("Little Sheep Member")[1] dan 108.5 ± 0.2 Ma berhampiran bahagian atas anggota itu[5] mengesahkan bahawa Pembentukan Cloverly adalah dari Aptian hingga zaman Albian.

Persekitaran Mendakan

Mendakan bagi Formasi Cloverly dimendakkan dalam persekitaran aluvial dan banjir. Konglomerat basal mungkin mewakili mendakan tebing sungai , sementara batu pasir dimendakkan dalam saluran fluvial . Batu lumpur yang mengandungi sebahagian besar fosil mewakili lampau tebing, padang lacustrine , dan deposit pedogenik.[3][4][6]

Haiwan Vertebra

Haiwan yang dijumpai termasuk dinosaur Deinonychus, Microvenator, Tenontosaurus, Zephyrosaurus dan Sauropelta serta sisa-sisa serpihan Titanosaurs dan Ornithomimids. Juga, dua genera penyu Naomichelys dan Glyptops dan ikan peparu Ceratodus.

Telur dinosaur telah ditemui di Montana.[7]

Rujukan data: Ostrom 1970; Cifelli et al. 1998; Cifelli 1999; Nydam dan Cifelli 2002. Peninggalan goniopholidid mungkin diketahui dari pembentukannya.

Ornithischians

Ornithischian dilaporkan dari Formasi Cloverly
Genus Spesies Negeri Kedudukan stratigrafi Bahan Nota Gambar

Aquilops[8]

A. americanus

  • Montana

neoceratopsian basal.

Aquilops
Sauropelta
Tenontosaurus
Zephyrosaurus

Sauropelta[9]

S. edwardsorum[9]

Diketahui daripada "beberapa rangka bersendi" dan kepingan perisainya merupakan fosil biasa.[9] Hanya satu serpihan tengkorak diketahui."."[10]

Rang bersendi sering diselubungi dalam mendakan kalice karbonat yang memerlukan asid untuk menyingkirkannya dangan selamat.[9]

Tenontosaurus[9]

T. tilleti[9]

Bangkainya merupakan yang paling biasa bagi mana-mana dinosaur dalam lapisan formasi.[9]

Peninggalan juvana kadang-kadang dijumpai bersama-sama, menunjukkan bahawa Tenontosaurus muda hidup dalam kumpulan adik-beradik. Gigi Deinonychus kadang-kadang dikaitkan dengan peninggalan Tenontosaurus mencadangkan hubungan pemangsa-mangsa antara keduanya.[9]

Zephyrosaurus[9]

Z. schaffi[9]

Peninggalannya "amat jarang."[9]

Saurischian

Serpihan kulit telur Theropod diketahui dari formasi ini. Sisa ornithomimmid yang tidak dapat dikenalpasti wujud dan paling sering diwakili oleh tulang ibu jari kaki. [9] Peninggalan allosauroid yang tidak dapat dikenali dari formasi ini. Peninggalan yang dikenal pasti oleh John Ostrom sebagai Ornithomimus disyaki oleh Jack Horner sebagai genus ornithomimid yang baru.[9]


Saurischian dilaporkan dari Formasi Cloverly
Genus Spesies Negeri Kedudukan Stratigrafik Bahan Nota Images
Acrocanthosaurus[12] A. atokensis[12] Cloverly VII[12]

Deinonychus[9]

D. antirrhopus[9]

Peninggalannya adalah "sangat jarang."[9]

Peninggalan Tenontosaurus telah dijumpai bersama dengan gigi Deinonychus pada beberapa kejadian yang menunjukkan hubungan pemangsa-mangsa antara keduanya.[9]

Acrocanthosaurus
Deinonychus
Microvenator
Ornithomimus
Sauroposeidon

Microvenator[9]

M. celer[9]

Peninggalannya adalah "sangat jarang."[9] Hanya diketahu dari sepirhan rangka dengan serpihan tengkorak."[13] Spesimen ketiadaan kaki dan dikatalog sebagai AMNH 3041.[14]

Spesimen tip AMNH 3041[9] didapati oleh Barnum Brown dari strata Cloverly di Montana pada 1933.

Ornithomimus[15]

O. velox[15]

Kemudian didapati sebagai peninggalan ornitomimid yang tidak dikenali.[15]

Rugocaudia[16]

Sauroposeidon[17] S. proteles Cloverly VII[12]

Mammals

Mammals reported from the Cloverly Formation
Genus Species State Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Corviconodon

C. montanensis

Gobiconodon

Gobiconodon

G. ostromi

Montanalestes

M. keeblerorum

Kura-kura

Kura-kura dilaporkan dari Formasi Cloverly
Genus Spesies Negeri Kedudukan Stratigrafik Bahan Nota Gambar

Glyptops[9]

G. pervicax[9]

Naomichelys[9]

N. speciosa[9]

Ikan bertulang

Amiiformes yang tidak dikenali diketahui dari Formasi Cloverly.

Osteichthyes dilaporkan dari Formasi Cloverly
Genus Spesies Negeri Kedudukan Stratigrafik Bahan Nota Gambar

Ceratodus[9]

frazieri[9]

nirumbee[18]

Ceratodus

Nota kaki

  1. ^ a b Chen, Z.-Q. and Lubin, S. 1997. A fission track study of the terrigenous sedimentary sequences of the Morrison and Cloverly Formations in northeastern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. The Mountain Geologist 34: 51-62.
  2. ^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama Darton
  3. ^ a b c U.S. Geological Survey (1993). "Geologic Unit: Cloverly". Dicapai pada 2014-12-23. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (bantuan)
  4. ^ a b Moberly, R.M., Jr., 1960, Morrison, Cloverly, and Sykes Mountain formations, northern Bighorn basin, Wyoming and Montana: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 71, no. 8, p. 1137-1176.
  5. ^ Burton, D., Greenhalgh, B.W., Britt, B.B., Kowallis, B.J., Elliott, W.S., and Barrick, R. 2006. New radiometric ages from the Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah and the Cloverly Formation, Wyoming: implications for contained dinosaur faunas. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 38(7): 52.
  6. ^ May, M.T. 1992. Intra- and extrabasinal tectonism, climate and intrinsic threshold cycles as possible controls on Early Cretaceous fluvial architecture, Wind River basin, Wyoming. In: Sundell, K.A., and Anderson, T.C., eds., Rediscover the Rockies: Wyoming Geological Association Field Conference Guidebook, 43rd Annual Field Conference, Casper, WY, September 12-19, 1992, no. 43, p. 61-74.
  7. ^ a b "3.11 Montana, United States; 1. Cloverly Formation," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 556.
  8. ^ Andrew A. Farke, W. Desmond Maxwell, Richard L. Cifelli & Mathew J. Wedel (2014) A Ceratopsian Dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Western North America, and the Biogeography of Neoceratopsia. PLoS ONE 9(12): e112055. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112055 http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0112055
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Horner. Pp. 93-100.
  10. ^ "Table 17.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 365.
  11. ^ a b c d "3.12 Wyoming, United States; 2. Cloverly Formation," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 556.
  12. ^ a b c d e f D'Emic, Michael D.; Melstrom, Keegan M.; Eddy, Drew R. (2012). "Paleobiology and geographic range of the large-bodied Cretaceous theropod dinosaur Acrocanthosaurus atokensis". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 333: 13–23. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.03.003.
  13. ^ "Table 8.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 167.
  14. ^ "Table 5.1," in Varricchio (2001). Page 44.
  15. ^ a b c "3.11 Wyoming, United States; 1. Cloverly Formation" and "3.12 Montana, United States; 2. Cloverly Formation," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 556.
  16. ^ a b D. Cary Woodruff (2012). "A new titanosauriform from the Early Cretaceous Cloverly Formation of Montana". Cretaceous Research. 36. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.02.003.
  17. ^ D’Emic, M.D., and B.Z. Foreman. (2012). The beginning of the sauropod dinosaur hiatus in North America: insights from the Lower Cretaceous Cloverly Formation of Wyoming. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32(4):883–902.
  18. ^ Frederickson J.A. and Cifelli R.L. (2016) Ikan Paru-paru Zaman Batu Kapur Baru (Dipnoi, Ceratodontidae) dari barat Amerika Utara. Journal of Paleontology.

Rujukan

  • Burton, D., Greenhalgh, B.W., Britt, B.B., Kowallis, B.J., Elliott, W.S., and Barrick, R. 2006. New radiometric ages from the Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah and the Cloverly Formation, Wyoming: implications for contained dinosaur faunas. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 38(7): 52.
  • Chen, Z.-Q. and Lubin, S. 1997. A fission track study of the terrigenous sedimentary sequences of the Morrison and Cloverly Formations in northeastern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. The Mountain Geologist 34:51-62.
  • Cifelli, R.L. 1999. Tribosphenic mammal from the North American Early Cretaceous. Nature 401:363-366.
  • Cifelli, R.L., Wible, J.R., and Jenkins, F.A. 1998. Triconodont mammals from the Cloverly Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Montana and Wyoming. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18: 237-241.
  • Horner, John R. Dinosaurs Under the Big Sky (Cloverly Formation). Mountain Press Publishing Company. pp. 93–100. ISBN 0-87842-445-8.
  • Nydam, R.L., and Cifelli, R.L. 2002. Lizards from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian) Antlers and Cloverly Formations. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22: 286-298.
  • Ostrom, J. H. 1970. Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Cloverly Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of the Bighorn Basin area, Wyoming and Montana. Peabody Museum Bulletin 35:1-234
  • Varricchio, D. J. 2001. Late Cretaceous oviraptorosaur (Theropoda) dinosaurs from Montana. pp. 42–57 in D. H. Tanke and K. Carpenter (eds.), Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana University Press, Indianapolis, Indiana.
  • Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.

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