Svārsts

Matemātiskā svārsta raksturlielumi

Svārsts ir ķermenis, kas nostiprināts iekarē un var brīvi šūpoties ap horizontālu asi, kas ir līdzsvara stāvoklis. Kad svārsts tiek atvirzīts no līdzsvara stāvokļa, tas smaguma spēka iedarbībā atgriežas līdzsvara stāvoklī. Smaguma spēks un ķermeņa masas inerce nodrošina svārstības ap līdzsvara stāvokli. Laiku, kurā svārsts veic vienu pilnu svārstību, sauc par periodu.

Svārstu pirmais atklāja Galileo Galilejs 1602. gadā (viņš bija pirmais, kas sāka pētīt svārstu īpašības), kopš tā laika tas ir ticis izmantots laika mērīšanai. Svārsta mehānisms bija pasaulē precīzākais laikrādis līdz pat 1930. gadiem. Svārsti tiek izmantoti, lai noregulētu svārstu pulksteņus, kā arī zinātniskos instrumentos, kā akselerometros un seismogrāfos. Agrāk tas tika izmantots arī gravimetros, lai noteiktu brīvās krišanas paātrinājumu.

Matemātiskais svārsts ir svārsta idealizētais modelis, kur ķermenis tiek aizstāts ar materiālu punktu, kas pakārts neizstiepjamā diegā, kam nav masas. Tāpat netiek ņemta vērā berze un gaisa pretestība.

Periods

Svārstību periods, ja amplitūda θ0 ir pietiekami maza (tik maza, lai sinusa vērtība no amplitūdas var tikt pietuvināta θ, ja θ mēra radiānos), svārstam ir aprēķināms pēc Heigensa formulas:

,

kur L ir svārsta garums un g ir brīvās krišanas paātrinājums.

Lielākām amplitūdām periods pakāpeniski palielinās ar amplitūdu, līdz ar to periods jāaprēķina ar citu formulu. Viens no veidiem ir to aprēķināt ar rindu palīdzību:[1][2]

Skatīt arī

Atsauces

  1. Nelson, Robert; M. G. Olsson (February 1987). "The pendulum - Rich physics from a simple system". American Journal of Physics 54 (2): 112–121. Bibcode 1986AmJPh..54..112N. doi:10.1119/1.14703. Atjaunināts: 2008-10-29.
  2. «Clock». Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th Ed. 6. The Encyclopædia Britannica Publishing Co. 1910. 538. lpp. Skatīts: 2009-03-04.

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