Pallādijs

Pallādijs
46


0
18
18
8
2
Pd

106,42 g/mol

[Kr]4d10
    
Kausēta pallādija lodīte un PSRS 25 rubļu piemiņas monēta no pallādija
Oksidēšanas pakāpes +6, +5, +4, +3, +2, +1, 0
Elektronegativitāte 2,20
Blīvums 12023 kg/m3
Kušanas temperatūra 1828,05 K (1554,9 °C)
Viršanas temperatūra 3236 K (2963 °C)

Pallādijs ir ķīmiskais elements ar simbolu Pd un atomskaitli 46. Pallādijs ir relatīvi mīksts dārgmetāls, to iegūst no vara un niķeļa rūdām, tas var būt sastopams arī brīvā veidā. Pallādijs ir visvieglāk kūstošais un vismazāk blīvais platīna grupas metāls. Pallādiju galvenokārt lieto par katalizatoru, šis metāls arī spēj absorbēt lielu daudzumu ūdeņraža. Savienojumos pallādijam var būt oksidēšanas pakāpes +2, +3, +4 un ļoti reti (nestabilos savienojumos) +6.

Vēsture

1802. gada jūlijā angļu ķīmiķis Viljams Haids Vollastons (William Hyde Wollaston) atklāja jaunu ķīmisko elementu. Tā paša gada augustā viņš to nosauca par pallādiju. Elements tika nosaukts par godu asteroīdam 2 Pallāda, kas tika atklāts divus mēnešus agrāk. Savukārt asteroīds ir nosaukts sengrieķu gudrības dievietes Pallādas vārdā.

Atrašanās dabā

Dabā pallādijs ir atrodams kopā ar platīnu vai citiem platīna grupas elementiem, kā arī niķeļa un vara rūdās.[1] Tas var būt sastopams arī brīvā veidā. Visvairāk pallādija tiek iegūts Krievijā (Urālos). Vēl plaši pallādija krājumi ir Austrālijā, Brazīlijā un Etiopijā. Kanādā un Dienvidāfrikā pallādijs ir atrodams vara un niķeļa rūdās.

Izotopi

Ir zināmi seši stabili pallādija izotopi. Visizplatītākie ir pallādijs–106 (27,33% no kopējā pallādija daudzuma), pallādijs–108 (26,46%) un pallādijs–105 (22,33%).[2] Vēl ir sastopams pallādijs–110 (11,72%), pallādijs–104 (11,14%) un pallādijs–102 (1,02%).[2] Ir iegūti vēl mākslīgi radioizotopi, kuru masas skaitlis ir no 91 līdz 128.[2]

Izmantošana

Pallādiju galvenokārt lieto par katalizatoru, šis metāls arī spēj absorbēt lielu daudzumu ūdeņraža (900 reizes lielāku tilpumu par paša metāla tilpumu). Elektronikā pallādijs tiek izmantots kondensatoru ražošanā. Pallādijs tiek lietots arī juvelierizstrādājumu gatavošanā.

Atsauces

  1. ↑ «Palladium: geological information» (angliski). WebElements.com. Skatīts: 2014. gada 24. februārī.
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 «Isotopes of the Element Palladium» (angliski). Jefferson Lab. Arhivēts no oriģināla, laiks: 2013. gada 5. Decembris. Skatīts: 2014. gada 24. februārī.

Ārējās saites

Ķīmisko elementu periodiskā tabula
H   He
Li Be   B C N O F Ne
Na Mg   Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Sc   Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga
As
Br Kr
Rb Sr Y   Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn
Te I Xe
Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi
Rn
Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og

Sārmu metāli Sārmzemju metāli Lantanīdi Aktinīdi Pārejas metāli Citi metāli Pusmetāli Citi nemetāli Halogēni Cēlgāzes
 
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