Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus

Denarius Oscae percussus a Domitio Calvino, cum proconsul Hispaniae esset, ab 39 ad 37 a.C.n. Ex una parte caput Herculis videtur cum titulo OSCA; ex altera instrumenta sacrificii quae ad pontificatum Domitii alludunt, cum titulo DOM(itius) CO(n)S(ul) ITER(um) IMP(erator).

In republica Romana Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus Marci filius Marci nepos (natus circa 95 a.C.n., mortuus post 36 a.C.n.) fuit fautor primo optimatium ac deinde in bello civili Caesarianorum. Bis fuit consul, anno 53 necnon iterum 40. De Pyrenaeorum gentibus anno 36 triumphavit.

De familia

Domitiorum nobilissima gens primo saeculo a.C.n. duos ramos praecipuos praebebat : Ahenobarborum familia patricia, Calvinorum vero plebeia erat. Cognomen Calvinus a calvo ductum est, id est qui capillos amisit ac nudum caput exhibet. Pater Gnaei Marcus Domitius praeturam anno 80 a.C.n. gessit et ex praetura Hispaniae citeriori praefuit ubi in proelio ad Anatem rivum periit a Sertorii legato Hirtuleio victus (79 a.C.n.).

Ante bellum civile

Tribunus plebis fuit Domitius Calvinus eodem anno quo Publius Vatinius, Marco Biblulo Gaio Caesare consulibus (59 a.C.n.). Tum Bibulum consulem adversus Caesarem intercessione adiuvare sua frustra conatus est[1] dum Caesar et tribunus Caesari devotus Vatinius adversariorum intercessiones pro nihilo ducunt: nam illo tempore optimatium partium fautor erat Domitius ac ludos Apollinares magnificos anno 56 praetor edidit.

Anno 54 a.C.n. in consulatus petitione tres competitores habuit : Gaium Memmium, Valerium Messalam, Aemilium Scaurum. Pactionem autem fecit cum Gaio Memmio candidato et consulibus huius anni Appio Claudio ac Lucio Domitio, qui comitiis consularibus praesidebant : vel falsa testimonia vel pecunias candidati sese daturos pollicebantur, si adulteratis comitiis consularibus ipsi consules anni 53 designarentur[2]. Mox vero Gaius Memmius pactionem palam in senatu recitavit atque Domitium Calvinum apud iudices ambitus postulavit[3]. Paulo post quattuor candidati lege de ambitu omnes rei facti sunt. Quod propter flagitium infamia maxima flagraverunt atque ex variis dilationibus et intercessionibus comitia prohibita quominus haberentur usque ad medium annum 53. Tum tandem post longum interregnun mense Iulio Cnaeus Domitius et Marcus Valerius Messala consules facti sunt ad reliquos sex menses. Tum novi consules et ipsi prohibiti sunt quin comitia consulum qui sibi succederent haberent seditionibus ac rixis sempiternis inter Clodianas et Milonianas armatas manus coortis[4]. Itaque mense Ianuario 52 a.C.n. ad interregnum reditum est.

In bello civili

Bello civili ad Caesarianos transfugit : cum duabus legionibus Caesar eum adversus Scipionem in Macedoniam misit, quam provinciam sibi favere compertum habebat. Ibi Domitius parvis tantum proeliis a Scipione, duce Pompeiano, lacessitus est. Ante Pharsalicam vero pugnam copias suas cum Caesaris exercitu coniunxit, in quo proelio mediae aciei praefuit[5]. Post victoriam, dum in Aegyptum Pompeium persequitur, Caesar Domitium Asiae Romanae praefecit; ubi, postquam duas legiones ex tribus quas acceperat Alexandriam Caesari subsidio misit, a Pharnace, filio Mithridatis atque rege Ponti, Calvinus magnam cladem apud Nicopolim in Armenia minore accepit mense decembri anni 48 a.C.n. Remansit tamen in provincia Asia, quo Caesar ei succurrit atque Pharnacem apud Zelam omnino debellavit ("Veni, vidi, vici"). Anno 46 Caesari in Africo bello quoque adstitit atque Thysdram cum duabus legionibus cepit. Anno sequenti Romam reversus pontifex factus est. Ipso autem die quo occisus est Caesar in domo Calvini cum Spurinna haruspice officii causa mane moratus est.

Post necem dictatoris Octaviano favit. Itaque anno 42 a.C.n., dum Octavianus et Marcus Antonius bellum adversus Brutum Cassiumque in Graecia gerunt, Brundisii remansit unde subsidia trans mare Hadriaticum tramittere debuit quidem, sed a Lucio Staio Murco ac Gnaeo Domitio Ahenobarbo victus, duas legiones onenariis navibus vectas paene omnino amisit nec auxilium imperatoribus suis ferre potuit[6]. Nihilominus post victoriam partium anno 40 consul iterum cum Asinio Pollione factus est.

Proconsul Hispaniae citerioris deinde ab anno 39 a.C.n. usque ad annum 36 fuit, ubi post nonnullas victorias adversus Pyrenaeorum gentes a militibus suis imperator appellatus est et anno 36 Romae triumphum egit. Ex praeda et manubiis necnon ex auro coronario ab Hispanorum civitatibus conlato Regiam in Foro, quae exarserat, restituit[7] (id est aedificium ubi pontifices coibant). Post triumphum incertum est quid fecerit aut quamdiu vixerit Domitius, etsi multi eruditi mentionem eius sibi videntur reperisse in inscriptione anni 21 de Arvalibus fratribus. Si ita est, exeunte vita religioni ac sacerdotiis vacavit.

Notae

  1. Cicero, Pro Sestio 113. Dio Cassius XXXVIII,6.
  2. G. V. Sumner, "The Coitio of 54 BC, or Waiting for Caesar", Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, 1982ː 133-139.
  3. Cicero, Ad Quintum III.2.3.
  4. Domitius Calvinus et ipse tum vulnus accepisse dicitur (Dio Cassius 40.46).
  5. Plutarchus, Pompeius 69 et Caesar 44.
  6. Appianus BC IV,479-488.
  7. Dio Cassius XLVIII,42.

Fontes in litteris

Fontes in lapidibus

  • Dessau, Inscriptiones Latinae selectae, numero 42 = CIL 6, 1301

Plura legere si cupis

Nexus externi

Antecessores:
Appius Claudius Pulcher et L. Domitius Ahenobarbus
Consul
53 a.C.n.
cum
Marco Valerio Messalla Rufo
Successores:
Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio et Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus III
Antecessores:
P. Servilius Isauricus II et Lucius Antonius
Consul
40 a.C.n.
cum
Gaio Asinio Pollione
Successores:
Gaius Calvisius Sabinus et Lucius Marcius Censorinus

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