Complexus entheogenorum Mesoamericanus

Sacerdos noviciusque sacrificium nocturnum parant. Ille incensorium saccumque copal manibus tenet. Lagena ad collum pendet quae tabacum aliaque entheogena continet. Codex Mendoza (ante 1542) f. 63r (Bibliotheca Bodleiana Oxoniensis)

Complexus entheogenorum Mesoamericanus^[1] (Anglice Mesoamerican entheogen complex)^[2] appellari licet pharmaca entheogena multiplica praecipue e plantis extracta quae ritibus culturarum Mexicanarum et Mesoamericanarum adhibentur.

Locutionem Hispanicam complejo narcótico de la America autóctona (scilicet "complexus narcoticus indigenarum Americanorum") primus anno 1964 invenit Weston La Barre scriptor historiae religionis.^[3] Recentius anno 1979 verbum entheogen a Carolo Ruck et collegis propositum est ut talia pharmaca melius definiantur,^[4] quod verbum auctores posteriores in locutionem priorem inserere solent. Nonnulli interdum culturis mediae Americae studentes, borealioribus et australibus intermissis, verbum "Mesoamericanum" praeferunt.^[2]

Duo sacerdotes, lagenas entheogenorum ad colla gerentes, bibunt et cantitant. Codex Tudela f. 69r (Museum Americae Matritense)

Martinus de la Cruz, Libellus de medicinalibus Indorum herbis f. 13v: Datura stramonium (azcapan yxhua tlahcolpahtli, scil. "... quae e formicario crescit") (Institutum Nationale Anthropologicum et Historicum Mexicopolitanum)

Plantae Mesoamericanae entheogena producentes sunt:

• Datura stramonium, Navatlace toloache, olim tlahcolpahtli
• Heimia salicifolia
• Ipomoea tricolor, Navatlace tlitliltzin
• Ipomoea violacea (?)
• Lonchocarpus punctatus, syn. L. longistylus
• Lophophora williamsii, Navatlace peyōtl
• Nicotiana rustica
• Nicotiana tabacum
• Nymphaea ampla, linguis Mayensibus nikte’ha’
• Psilocybe aztecorum
• Psilocybe cubensis
• Psilocybe mexicana, Navatlace teonanácatl
• Salvia divinorum
• Turbina corymbosa, Navatlace ololiúqui, linguis Mayensibus xtabentún

Fortasse amphibium addi licet:

• Incilius alvarius

Datura, Nymphaea, Psilocybe a Mayis in potionem balché interdum addebantur.^[5]

Notae

1. Haec appellatio a Vicipaediano e lingua indigena in sermonem Latinum conversa est. Extra Vicipaediam huius locutionis testificatio vix inveniri potest.
2. "Mesoamerican entheogen complex" e.g. Des Tramacchi, Vapours and visions: Religious dimensions of DMT use (dissertatio Universitatis Terrae Reginae, 2006)
3. La Barre (1964); La Barre (1975)
4. "A new term that would be appropriate for describing states of shamanic and ecstatic possession induced by ingestion of mind-altering drugs": C. A. P. Ruck et al., "Entheogens" in Journal of Psychedelic Drugs vol. 11 (1979) pp. 145-146
5. Sophie D. Coe, America's First Cuisines (Austinopoli: University of Texas Press, 1994) p. 166

Bibliographia

Fontes antiquiores

• ante 1581 : Didacus Duran, Historia de las Indias de Nueva-España y islas de Tierra Firme (Mexicopoli, 1867-1880) vol. 2 pp. 109-118

Eruditio recentior

• F. J. Carod-Artal, "Hallucinogenic drugs in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures" in Neurologia vol. 30 (2015) pp. 42-49
• P. A. De Smet, N. M. Hellmuth, "A multidisciplinary approach to ritual enema scenes on ancient Maya pottery" in Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol. 16 (1986) pp. 213-262
• José Luís Díaz, "Ethnopharmacology of Sacred Psychoactive Plants Used by the Indians of Mexico" in Annual Review of Pharmacological Toxicology vol. 17 (1977) pp. 647-675 Prima pagina
• Marlene Dobkin de Rios, "The Influence of Psychotropic Flora and Fauna on Maya Religion" in Current Anthropology vol. 15 (1974) pp. 147-164 JSTOR
• J. G. Elferink, "Teotlaqualli: the psychoactive food of the Aztec gods" in Journal of Psychoactive Drugs vol. 31 (1999) pp. 435-440
• W. A. Emboden, "The mushroom and the water lily: literary and pictorial evidence for Nymphaea as a ritual psychotogen in Mesoamerica" in Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol. 5 (1982) pp. 139-148
• Jordan Goodman, Tobacco in History: The Cultures of Dependence (Londinii: Routledge, 2005) pp. 17-35 (Paginae selectae apud Google Books)
• K. P. Groark, "The Angel in the Gourd: Ritual, Therapeutic, and Protective Uses of Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) among the Tzeltal and Tzotzil Maya of Chiapas, Mexico" in Journal of Ethnobiology vol. 30 (2010) pp. 5-30 Epitome
• Weston La Barre, "El complejo narcótico de la America autóctona" in Diógenes vol. 48 (1964) pp. 102-112 (commentatio eodem anno in editionibus huius libelli Francogallica et Anglica divulgata, titulis "Le complexe narcotique de l’Amerique autochtone" et "The narcotic complex of the New World")
• Weston La Barre, "Old and New World Narcotics: A statistical question and an ethnological reply" in Economic Botany vol. 24 (1970) pp. 73–80 Prima pagina
• Weston La Barre, "Appendix: The New World Narcotic Complex" in The Peyote Cult (4a ed. Novi Eboraci: Archon Books, 1975) pp. 263–265
• Richard Evans Schultes, "Native Narcotics of the New World" in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3rd Lecture Series, Pt. V, Pharmacognosy (1960) pp. 138-185
• Richard Evans Schultes, "Botanical sources of the New World narcotics" in Psychedelic Review vol. 1 (1963) pp. 145–166
• Richard Evans Schultes, "Hallucinogenic plants of the New World" in Harvard Review vol. 1 (1963) pp. 18-32
• C. Viesca, A. Aranda, "Las alteraciones del sueño en el Libellus de medicinalibus Indorum herbis" in Estudios de cultura Náhuatl vol. 26 (1996) pp. 147-161