Chalcis

Wikidata Chalcis
Res apud Vicidata repertae:
Civitas: Graecia
Locus: 38°27′45″N 23°35′42″E, 38°27′49″N 23°36′10″E
Numerus incolarum: 64 490
Situs interretialis
Nomen officiale: Χαλκίδα

Gestio

Procuratio superior: Euboea, Chalkideon Municipality, Commune of Chalkida, Evia

Geographia

Territoria finitima: Aulis

Coniunctiones urbium

Urbes gemellae: Menden (Sauerland)

Tabula aut despectus

Chalcis: situs
Chalcis: situs

Chalcis (Graece Χαλκίς, Neograece Χαλκίδα, IPA: xaʎ'ciða) est urbs Graeciae circiter 55 000 incolarum et urbs media insulae Euboeae, ad fretum Euripum, qua est distantia inter Euboeam et Boeotiam minima, sita. Demus Chalcidensium in utraque Euripi ripa patet. Usque ad annum 2010, Chalcis fuit caput pristini nomi Euboeae.

Nomen Chalcis a χαλκός verbo Graco ('aes') deductum est, etsi in regione non sunt cuniculorum reliquiae. Medio aevo exeunte, Negropont (Italiane Negroponte 'pons niger'; Graece Νεγροπόντε) appellabatur, quod nomen tum et toti insulae attributum est.

De historia

Tempus antiquissimum

Chalcis et Eretria in planitie Lelantina

Chalcidis prima mentio facta est in Homeri Iliade, ubi una cum aemula Eretria nominatur (2.537):

οἳ δ᾽ Εὔβοιαν ἔχον μένεα πνείοντες Ἄβαντες
Χαλκίδα τ᾽ Εἰρέτριάν τε πολυστάφυλόν θ᾽ Ἱστίαιαν

Praeterea mythologia Graeca classem Troiam profecturam in portu Aulidis in continenti Chalcidi ex adverso sitae collectam esse scit.

Tumuli forma conclavis, qui a Cultura Mycenaea repetunt, prope Trypa et Bromousa anno 1910 effossi sunt.

Octavo septimoque saeculo a.C.n., coloni Chalcidenses (una cum Eretriensibus) triginta civitates in paeninsula Chalcidica condiderunt, quae nomen ab urbe Chalcide trahit, et nonnullas civitates illustres in Magna Graecia, inter quas Pithecussas, Cumas, Rhegium et Zancle (Messanam). Hoc tempore nummi ac abecedarium Chalcidense late in Graecia et in Italia diffusa sunt.

Septimo saeculo a.C.n., Chalcis diuturnum contra finitimam Eretriam bellum de hegemonia in Euboea gessit et victor prodiit. Cum autem Chalcis, quae a nobilitate regebatur, sibi Lacedaemoniis Boeotiisque consociavit, ut democratiam Athenis nascentem suffocaret, anno 506 a.C.n. ab Atheniensibus victoribus subacta est, agri nobilitatis inter 4000 colonos (κληροῦχος) divisi sunt. Postquam Pericles seditionem coercuit, demum anno 411 a.C.n. pugna ad Eretriam commissa Chalcis libertatem rursus assecuta est. Anno 378 a.C.n. Chalcis foedus Delium iniit, anno 338 a.C.n. Macedones totam insulam dicioni suae subiecerunt.

Chalcis tempore Romanorum, medio aevo, imperio Ottomanico et usque ad hunc diem

Tabula Venetiana Chalcidis (Negroponte) (1597).

Post Cynoscephalarum pugnam anno 197 a.C.n. Chalcis primo in Romanorum dicionem venit. Qui copias anno 194 a.C.n. ex urbe eduxerunt, sed anno 146 a.C.n. reverterunt et moenia a fundamentis disiecerunt, quod Chalcis se foederi Achaico contra Romanos pugnanti adiunxerat.

Deinde urbs raro commemoratur, sed mercaturae locus alicuius momenti permanebat. Imperator Iustinianus I (527-565) munitiones et pontem super Euripum restituit. Paulatim nomen Euripus (forma vulgari Egripos) etiam urbem significare coepit. Anno 1205 Chalcis feudum imperii Romaniae facta, ab anno 1209 rei publicae Venetae subiecta erat. Tunc nomine Negroponte nota erat, quod nomen a ponte super Euripum a Venetianis renovato ductum esse videtur. Urbis munitiones maxime confirmatae sunt, sed anno 1470 Chalcis a Turcis diu oppugnata tandem in Imperii Ottomanici dicionem redacta est, anno 1688 impetus Venetiarum fortissimus a Turcis repulsus est. Tempore imperii Ottomanici Chalcis sedes fuit Bassae, cui administratio partis orientalis Graeciae mediae competivit. Tum Graeci in suburbio (proastion), Turcae et Iudaei in urbe vetere (castro) habitare solebant.

Ad Graeciam hodiernam Chalcis (nomine antiquo) ab anno 1832 pertinet. Cum anno 1892 Euripus delataretur ac pons mobilis fieret, moenia Veneta ac castellum Turcicum Kara Baba (1686) demolita sunt.

Inter annos 1899 et 2010 Chalcis erat caput nomi Euboeae.

Demus

Chalcidis demus anno 2011 in administratione renovanda (vide Libellus Callicratis) his quinque demis pristinis coniugendis, qui ex tunc "unitates populares" (Graece δημοτική ενότητα) sunt, formatus est:

Unitas popularis Numerus incolarum[1]
Anthedon (Ἀνθηδών sive Ανθηδώνα) 5871
Aulis (Αυλίς sive Αυλίδα) 7714
Chalcis (Χαλκίς sive Χαλκίδα) 55264
Lelantia (Ληλάντια) 15389
Nea Artace (Νέα Αρτάκη) 8571
Summa incolarum 92809

Incolae noti

Statua Aristotelis ante curiam Chalcidensem

Res religiosae

Duo pontes

Urbs cum Graecia continenti binis pontibus coniuncta est, vetere ponte in parte occidentali, ubi Euripus angustissimus est, et novo ponte suspensus.

Iam ab anno 411 a.C.n. pons ligneus Chalcidem cum continenti coniunxisse traditur, cuius quidem nec Thucydides nec Xenophon mentionem faciunt.[2]

Tempore imperatoris Iustiniani I pons fixus in structuram mobilem mutatus est. Turcae (post annum 1453) denuo pontem fixum aedificaverunt. Anno 1856 pons gyrans ligneus exstructus est, anno 1896 pons gyrans ferreus, qui anno 1962 refectus est. Pons suspensus, qui Chalcidem cum continenti magis meridiano conectit, anno 1993 inauguratus est.

Fluctus maris invertentes

Proprium Euripi est, quod mare sub ponte transfluens septima quaque hora fluctuum cursum invertit. Praeterea in sinu Euboico aestus maris accedunt et reciprocant.

Visu digna

Etsi Chalchidi non sunt spectacula eximia, tamen quaedam res visendae meridiana (antiquiore) urbis parte inveniuntur:

Bibliographia

  • Lauffer, Siegfried, ed. 1989. Griechenland: Lexikon der historischen Stätten: Von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart. Monaci.

Notae

  1. Numerus incolarum, ut invenitur in Libello Callicratis (2010)
  2. Verisimiliter annus 411 a.C.n. introductus est, quod pons classem Atheniensem ab Euripo dominando impediens non nisi post hunc annum aedificari potuit, quo Athenienses prope Eretriam (a Chalcide in meridiem versus) pulsi sunt. Pro certo habetur anno 480 a.C.n. pontem non fuisse (vide Herodotus, Historiae VII,173 et VIII,66), pontem autem ante annum 334 a.C.n. erectum esse, quod Strabo de ponte duorum plethrorum narrat (IX,2,2), praeterea idem refert incolas Chalcidis turres in pontis capite aedificasse illo anno, cum Alexander Magnus in Asiam profectus est (X,1,8).

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