펄 모듈(Perl module)은 펄 언어의 소프트웨어 구성 요소이다.
모듈은 마치 자바 패키지처럼 소스 코드가 CGI, Net:FTP, XML::Parser와 같은 이름공간을 정의하기 위한 펄 매커니즘인 패키지 안에 있을 수 있도록 정의한다. 즉, 파일 구조는 이름공간 구조를 미러링한다. (예: Net::FTP를 위한 소스 코드는 Net/FTP.pm에 속한다)
예제
"Hello, World!"의 예는 여러 스타일로 구현할 수 있다. 펄에서는 모듈이 반드시 필요한 것이 아니다. 함수와 코드는 어디에서든 정의하여 사용할 수 있다. 아래는 단지 예를 들기 위한 부분이다. 클래스가 꼭 필요한 자바와 다르다. "Hello, World"의 함수는 다음과 같이 작성할 수 있다:
sub hello { "Hello, world!\n" }
print hello();
아니면 단순히 한 줄로도 가능하다:
절차적 예제
절차적 모듈로 구현한 "Hello, World"의 예는 다음과 같다. 모듈 이용을 기술하는 짧은 스크립트도 포함되어 있다.
hello_world.pl
#!/usr/bin/perl
# Loads the module and imports any functions into our namespace
# (defaults to "main") exported by the module. Hello::World exports
# hello() by default. Exports can usually be controlled by the caller.
use Hello::World;
print hello(); # prints "Hello, world!\n"
print hello("Milky Way"); # prints "Hello, Milky Way!\n"
Hello/World.pm
# "package" is the namespace where the module's functionality/data resides.
# It dictates the name of the file if you want it to be "use"d.
# If more than one word, it constrains the location of the module.
package Hello::World;
# By default Perl allows you to use variables without declaring
# them. This may be convenient for short scripts and one-liners.
# But in a longer unit of code such as a module it is wise to declare
# your variables both to catch typos and to constrain their
# accessibility appropriately from outside the module. The strict pragma
# forces you to declare your variables.
use strict;
# Similarly, Perl does not issue most compiler or run-time warnings by default.
# More complicated scripts, such as most modules, will usually find them very
# helpful for debugging. The warnings pragma turns on optional warnings.
use warnings;
# A module's version number is stored in $ModuleName::VERSION; certain
# forms of the "use" built-in depend on this variable being defined.
our $VERSION = '1.00';
# Inherit from the "Exporter" module which handles exporting functions.
# Most procedural modules make use of this.
use base 'Exporter';
# When the module is invoked, export, by default, the function "hello" into
# the namespace of the using code.
our @EXPORT = qw(hello);
# Lines starting with an equal sign indicate embedded POD
# documentation. POD sections end with an =cut directive, and can
# be intermixed almost freely with normal code.
=head1 NAME
Hello::World - An encapsulation of a common output message
=head1 SYNOPSIS
use Hello::World;
print hello();
print hello("Milky Way");
=head1 DESCRIPTION
This is a procedural module which gives you the famous "Hello, world!"
message, and it’s even customizable!
=head2 Functions
The following functions are exported by default
=head3 hello
print hello();
print hello($target);
Returns the famous greeting. If a C<$target> is given it will be used,
otherwise "world" is the target of your greeting.
=cut
# define the function hello().
sub hello {
my $target = shift;
$target = 'world' unless defined $target;
return "Hello, $target!\n";
}
=head1 AUTHOR
Joe Hacker <joe@joehacker.org>
=cut
# A Perl module must end with a true value or else it is considered not to
# have loaded. By convention this value is usually 1 though it can be
# any true value. A module can end with false to indicate failure but
# this is rarely used and it would instead die() (exit with an error).
1;
객체 지향 예제
동일하지만 객제 지향 스타일로 된 예는 다음과 같다. 객체 지향 모듈의 이점은 각 객체가 다른 객체와 독립적으로 구성될 수 있다는 점이다.
hello_world.pl
#!/usr/bin/perl
use Hello::World;
my $hello = Hello::World->new;
$hello->print; # prints "Hello, world!\n"
$hello->target("Milky Way");
$hello->print; # prints "Hello, Milky Way!\n"
my $greeting = Hello::World->new(target => "Pittsburgh");
$greeting->print; # prints "Hello, Pittsburgh!\n"
$hello->print; # still prints "Hello, Milky Way!\n"
Hello/World.pm
# In Perl there is no special 'class' definition. A namespace is a class.
package Hello::World;
use strict;
use warnings;
our $VERSION = "1.00";
=head1 NAME
Hello::World - An encapsulation of a common output message
=head1 SYNOPSIS
use Hello::World;
my $hello = Hello::World->new();
$hello->print;
=head1 DESCRIPTION
This is an object-oriented library which can print the famous "H.W."
message.
=head2 Methods
=head3 new
my $hello = Hello::World->new();
my $hello = Hello::World->new( target => $target );
Instantiates an object which holds a greeting message. If a C<$target> is
given it is passed to C<< $hello->target >>.
=cut
# The constructor of an object is called new() by convention. Any
# method may construct an object and you can have as many as you like.
sub new {
my($class, %args) = @_;
my $self = bless({}, $class);
my $target = exists $args{target} ? $args{target} : "world";
$self->{target} = $target;
return $self;
}
=head3 target
my $target = $hello->target;
$hello->target($target);
Gets and sets the current target of our message.
=cut
sub target {
my $self = shift;
if( @_ ) {
my $target = shift;
$self->{target} = $target;
}
return $self->{target};
}
=head3 to_string
my $greeting = $hello->to_string;
Returns the $greeting as a string
=cut
sub to_string {
my $self = shift;
return "Hello, $self->{target}!";
}
=head3 print
$hello->print;
Outputs the greeting to STDOUT
=cut
sub print {
my $self = shift;
print $self->to_string(), "\n";
}
=head1 AUTHOR
Joe Hacker <joe@joehacker.org>
=cut
1;
같이 보기
외부 링크
