우수 (불교)

우수(憂受, 산스크리트어: daurmanasya-vedanā, 팔리어: domanassa-vedanā, 영어: displeasure)는 불만족의 느낌, 불쾌한 느낌, 슬픈 느낌, 걱정하는 느낌을 뜻한다. 이것은 모든 느낌(受)을 고수 · 낙수 · 사수(불고불락수)의 3수로 나눌 때 고수(괴로운 느낌)에 속한다. 다시 3수를 신체적 느낌과 정신적 느낌으로 세분했을 때의 고수 · 낙수 · 우수 · 희수 · 사수5수(五受)에서 고수는 신체적으로 괴로운 느낌으로, 아픈 느낌, 통증을 뜻하고, 우수는 정신적으로 괴로운 느낌으로 불만족의 느낌, 슬픈 느낌을 뜻한다.[1][2][3][4]

팔리어 domanassa의 문자 그대로의 의미는 어원에 따르면 du-(나쁜, 상한, bad)와 manas(마음, mind)가 결합한 것으로 상한 마음(bad in mind 마음이 좋지 않다, bad feeling 악감정) 즉 불쾌한 정신적 느낌(unpleasant mental feeling)을 뜻한다.[1] 팔리어 domanassa의 번역어인 한자어 우(憂)는 한자사전에 따르면, 다음의 뜻이 있다.[5]

  1. 근심, 걱정
  2. 병(病), 질병(疾病)
  3. 고통(苦痛), 괴로움, 환난(患難)
  4. 근심하다(속을 태우거나 우울해하다), 걱정하다, 애태우다
  5. 고생하다, 괴로워하다
  6. 두려워하다

5수의 고수와 우수는 크게 보아 괴로운 느낌이지만, 둘의 차이는 고수가 신체적 괴로운 느낌이고 우수가 정신적 괴로운 느낌이라는 것 외에도 다른 하나의 큰 차이가 있다. 고수는  · 불선 · 무기의 3성으로 나눌 때 무기에 속한다. 즉, 선한 것도 아니고 불선한 것도 아니다. 즉, 신체적 괴로움은 그 자체로는 현세와 미래에 나쁜 과보를 가져오는 업을 짓는 것이 아니다. 이에 비해 우수는 그 자체로 불선이다. 즉, 현세와 미래에 나쁜 과보를 가져오는 업을 짓는다.[1] 말하자면, 걱정 · 근심 · 불쾌감 · 불만족 · 슬픔 · 두려움 등이 찰나에 그치고 말면 크게 문제가 되지 않겠지만 일정 이상 쌓이면 나쁜 일이 일어난다. 따라서 고급한 형태의 사수[捨], 즉, 균형과 평정의 느낌, 편견과 선호에 휩쓸리지 않음의 느낌, 좋음과 싫음에 휘둘리지 않음의 느낌을 가지도록 수행을 통해 스스로를 개발하는 것이 필요하다.[6] (捨)를 개발하는 수행으로 특히 자 · 비 · 희 · 사의 4무량심의 수행이 있다.

각주

  1. Bhikkhu Bodhi & Allan R. Bomhard (2007). 《A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma》. Charleston Buddhist Fellowship. p.35. Accompanied by displeasure (domanassasahagata): The feeling that accompanies states of consciousness rooted in hatred is displeasure. The Pāḷi word domanassa, derived from du- = “bad” and manas- = “mind,” signifies unpleasant mental feeling. This feeling accompanies only consciousness rooted in hatred, and such consciousness is necessarily accompanied by this feeling. Thus, displeasure, or unpleasant mental feeling, is always unwholesome; in this respect, it differs from unpleasant physical (bodily) feeling, which is karmically indeterminate, and from joy and equanimity, which may be wholesome, unwholesome, or indeterminate.
  2. "憂受(우수)" , 운허. 《불교사전》:
    憂受(우수)
    5수(受)의 하나. 마음이 기쁘지 아니한 상태.
  3. "五受(오수)" , 星雲. 《佛光大辭典》(불광대사전) 3판:
    五受(오수)
    외계와의 접촉에 의하여 쾌락과 고통을 받는 것을 수(受)라 하고, 이것을 5종으로 나눔. 고수(苦受)ㆍ낙수(樂受)ㆍ우수(憂受)ㆍ희수(喜受)ㆍ사수(捨受). ⇒의근행(意近行)
  4. "五受" , 星雲. 《佛光大辭典》(불광대사전) 3판:
    五受
    梵語 pañca vedanāḥ,巴利語 pañca vedanā。指五種覺受。(一)隨觸之領納分為五種。依俱舍論之說,五受即:(1)苦受(梵 duḥkha-vedanā),謂五識相應之身不悅之受。(2)樂受(梵 sukha-vedanā),謂五識相應之身悅及第三靜慮意識相應之心悅。(3)憂受(梵 daurmanasya-vedanā),謂意識相應之心不悅之受。(4)喜受(梵 saumanasya-vedanā),謂初二禪及欲界意識相應之心悅。(5)捨受(梵 upekṣā-vedanā),謂於身心非悅非不悅。此五受於眾生感雜染中,有增上之作用,故立為五根,又稱五受根,即苦根、樂根、憂根、喜根、捨根。〔大集法門經卷下、俱舍論卷三、阿毘達磨發智論卷十四、成唯識論卷五〕
    (二)分別受之自性與相應等有五種。即:(1)自性受(梵 svabhāva-vedanīyatā),為受之心所,即謂苦、樂等諸受。(2)相應受(梵 saṃprayukta-vedanīyatā),即謂與苦、樂等諸受相應之觸心所。(3)所緣受(梵 ālambana-vedanīyatā),又稱境界受,謂苦、樂等諸受之境界。(4)異熟受(梵 vipāka-vedanīyatā),又稱報受,謂感異熟之諸業。(5)現前受(梵 saṃmukhī-bhāva-vedanīyatā),謂苦、樂等諸受中之正起現行者。〔俱舍論卷十五、大毘婆沙論卷一一五、順正理論卷四十、雜阿毘曇心論卷三、俱舍論光記卷十五〕p1456
  5. "". 네이버 한자사전. 2022년 6월 27일.
  6. Bhikkhu Bodhi & Allan R. Bomhard (2007). 《A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma》. Charleston Buddhist Fellowship. p.38.
    Accompanied by joy (somanassasahagata): The word somanassa, “joy,” is derived from su- = “pleasant” + manas- = “mind;” thus, it means, literally, a pleasant mental state. Somanassa is a type of feeling, specifically, pleasant mental feeling. All consciousness is accompanied by some feeling, which may be physical or mental, pleasant, painful, or neutral. Somanassa is a feeling that is mental rather than physical (bodily), and pleasant rather than painful or neutral. This feeling “accompanies” (sahagata) this type of consciousness in that it is inextricably blended with it, just as when the waters of two rivers meet, they blend together and cannot be distinguished.
    The Abhidhamma describes four cittas rooted in greed (lobha) and accompanied by a joyful mental feeling (somanassa). The other four cittas in this class are accompanied by equanimity (upekkhāsahagata). The word upekkhā is often used in the Pāḷi texts to signify the lofty spiritual quality of equanimity, or impartiality, the state of mind that cannot be swayed by biases and preferences. Here, however, the word is used simply to mean neutral feeling, a mental feeling that leans neither towards gladness nor sadness. In contrast to pleasant and painful feelings, which experience an object in diametrically opposed ways, upekkhā experiences the object in a neutral manner. Thus, upekkhā, or “equanimous feeling”, is also called “adukkhamasukhā vedanā,” “neitherpainful- nor-pleasant feeling.”

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